Hospital ship on the Danube River, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Street scene in Valjevo, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Soldiers making themselves at home in a destroyed dwelling, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Destroyed church in Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Ruins of a Serbian train depot, Serbia, 1915 Fall

“An expressive scene,” Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Horses surrounding a steam threshing machine.

Austrian officers at a Serbian farmstead, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Destroyed customs house in Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

An artist. Austro-Hungarian infantry soldier sketching the ruined church in Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A piece of agricultural equipment in Sabac that was destroyed by shelling, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Serbian prisoners, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Soldiers standing in the ruins of Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Serbian draw well in Valvejo, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Customs house in Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Serbian prisoners passing through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Peeling potatoes, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A moment in time in the field kitchen, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Two German soldiers draining water from a kettle.

Sword sharpening, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Field carpentry shop, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Scene of Croatian reservists, with a bagpiper, riding a freight car heading for the front, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Guarding the train station in Ruma, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Residence of a Serbian bishop in City of Neusatz (Novi Sad), Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Members of an Austrian military band passing by in front of image. Neusatz (now Novi Sad) was a city within the Hungarian half of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It had a significant Serbian population, and later became part of Yugoslavia after 1918.

Two Austrian Red Cross nurses, from the City of Graz, now in Syrmien, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Syrmien refers to the region between the Save and Danube Rivers in what is now Serbia and Croatia. Before 1914, it was a region located mainly within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Troops guarding the floating bridge, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Probably referring to bridge in Image 594.

Freight depot in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Destroyed Serbian freight cars, which were totally burned out, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Pontoon bridge on the Save River between Sabac and Klenak. Bridge is opened to allow passage of a paddle wheel steamer, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Guarding a railroad handcart, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian Danube river monitor, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian soldiers in the City of Sabac, which is located on the Save River a tributary of the Danube, with a dismounted light field gun of the type used on river monitors.

Transport of freight in a column of wagons, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Incorrect caption, which actually belongs with Image 595.

Austrian gendarmes and officials at a train depot in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Caption obscured and partially missing.

Mobile first-aid unit, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian medic treating wounded soldiers and distributing canes.

Transporting gifts from home to the front, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A street scene in Ruma, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A (cavalry) patrol asking for directions, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Ruma in Syrmien, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian soldiers passing directional sign for road to towns of Vogani, Mitrowitz, Lacarak, and Sasinci.

Austrian soldiers crossing the Save River on a pontoon bridge, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian soldiers crossing the Save River on a pontoon bridge, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Through Serbia in rain and storms. Wagon train of provisions on the march, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian soldiers on the roadside with a dead draft horse waiting for a replacement animal, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Through Serbia in rain and storms. Supply column leaving Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Through Serbia in rain and storms. Supply column on the march towards Valjevo, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Field kitchen, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Slaughtering work on a Serbian farmstead, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian troops repairing a rail bed and tracks, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Improving a bad roadbed in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian field blacksmith, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Preparing mid-day meals for troops on a Serbian farmstead, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Loading bricks from the ruins of a factory for use in road improvements, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Bosnian troops building a pontoon bridge on the Save River, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Bosnian Muslims were formed into distinct units within the Austro-Hungarian Army. Their uniforms were distinguished by their fez skullcaps.

Preparing a roadbed with bricks from a ruined factory, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Loading artillery ammunition for movement to the front line, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Street scene in Valjevo, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Transporting wings of an Austrian military airplane, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Unloading stones to be used in road improvements, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Refitting a Serbian school building for use as a telephone station, Serbia, 1915 Fall

“The beauty advisor at work,” Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian military barber cutting hair.

“Rest period,” Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian soldiers gathered around a kettle reading and smoking.

Improving bad roads in enemy territory, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Scene of civilians carrying shovels and equipment for roadwork.

Improving bad roads in enemy territory, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Two Austrian soldiers breaking rocks.

Essential work in enemy territory. Repairing telegraph wires, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Guarding the mail in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Train depot guard in Ruma in Syrmien, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Diverse nationalities sitting around the campfire. Slovenians, Croatians, and Austrian soldiers, Serbia, 1915 Fall

No caption, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Two Austrian soldiers smoking behind a fence with personal equipment.

Training horses on a Serbian farmstead, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Pontoons for bridge building on the Save River, Serbia, 1915 Fall

City of Neusatz (Novi Sad), Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian soldier with a horse team and freight wagon.

Pontoon bridge across the Danube River in City of Peterwardein (Petrovaradin), Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian sailor rowing on the Danube, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Sailor and a civilian woman rowing a boat with another woman in stern with a musical instrument.

Train station in Ruma, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Austrian troops, with full equipment and weapons, offloading from train cars.

Group of Austrian soldiers with one man holding down a sheep, Serbia, 1915 Fall
Note: Presumably prior to slaughtering for food.

Austrian soldiers shooting at an airplane, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian munitions column on the march in Russian Poland, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian Ulans in Galizien (Galicia), Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: Ulans (Uhlans) were one of the constituent types of cavalry in the Austro-Hungarian army along with dragoons and hussars.

A patrol of Austrian Ulans passing through a village, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian engineering troops building a bridge over the Dunajec River, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: The Dunajec River, now in southern Poland, was formerly located in the Austrian Province of Galicia.

Unloading bags of flour from train cars for a field bakery, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian divisional field bakery, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Cattle intended for slaughter being inspected by an Austrian veterinarian, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

A special joint of meat, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers crowding around the carcass of a slaughtered cow.

Austrian soldiers leading requisitioned cattle on a muddy road in Galizien, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Bags full of sandbags for use in trench building, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian soldiers using a ground floor apartment as a horse stable, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

French prisoners in the camp in Zossen with steaming bowls of soup, German P.O.W. camps
Note: Zossen Camp was German prisoner-of-war camp located in the City of Zossen near Berlin.

French prisoners in Zossen waiting in line for food at a kitchen, German P.O.W. camps

Images of a French prisoner-of-war who was photographed in a military hospital in Brussels
Note: The prisoner, who was from Guinea, in Africa, had stated during his interrogation by a military judge that there were cannibals in his home village. He absolutely denied, perhaps for obvious reasons, having ever eaten human flesh himself. It is questionable if the deployment of such savages on a European battlefield meets with the rules of international law. It is downright laughable when the French and English loose people of the lowest cultural level, and even cannibals, on their enemies while still claiming to fight for the sake of culture, German P.O.W. camps.
Probably not a Frankl photograph. These images of a French colonial prisoner from Africa, who claimed to be from a village of cannibals in Guinea, were widely published in German illustrated papers and magazines.

View of the barracks in the Zossen Camp. French prisoners have worked to decorate the front of the barracks area, German P.O.W. camps

Calisthenics in the prisoner camp at Zossen, German P.O.W. camps

Emir Ali Pascha inspecting captured artillery pieces, Berlin

Austrian forward observer for a 305 mm mortar battery using a field telescope to confirm the firing coordinates, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: Austrian heavy mortars, with a caliber of 305 mm (30.5 cm) were widely used again fortified positions.

Distributing gifts to troops during a fire mission. Several soldiers are wearing snow shirts over their uniforms for better camouflage, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian field artillery pieces and crews, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Artillery battery telephone, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Preparing an Austrian field artillery cannon for firing, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Aiming an Austrian large caliber field cannon, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian 305 mm mortar in a prepared emplacement, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian field artillery cannon at the moment of firing. One can see the recoil of the firing tube, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

A locale destroyed by fire after shelling, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Unloading heavy artillery munitions behind the front, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

In the Carpathian Mountains. A railroad bridge, blown up by the Russians, in the vicinity of the Dukla Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: The Dukla Pass was one of three important road and rail routes through the Carpathian Mountains and was the scene of heavy fighting between Austrian and Russian forces in the winter of 1914-1915.

Loyal fraternal brotherhood, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: German medics carrying a wounded Austrian soldier on a litter through deep snow.

German medics carrying a wounded Austrian soldier on a litter across a small bridge over a creek, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

During the final battles in the Carpathians. Improving telephone lines in the Uzsok Pass, which had been destroyed by the Russians, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: The Uzsok Pass was one of three important road and rail routes through the Carpathian Mountains and was the scene of heavy fighting between Austrian and Russian forces in the winter of 1914-1915.

Austrian engineering troops building a bridge over the Dunajec River, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian engineering troops guarding the pontoons to be used in bridge building, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

After the destruction of the Russians. Jewish merchant selling his remaining wares from the window sill of his destroyed house, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: As Russian forces retreated in the face of advancing German and Austrian troops, they often looted and destroyed homes and commercial establishments.

Austrian Ulan purchasing woolen clothing for the winter months, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Ethnicities at the Zossen POW camp, German P.O.W. camps
Note: French, French colonial, and Russian prisoners.

Russian prisoners at a service in their private chapel in the Zossen POW camp, German P.O.W. camps

Various ethnicities at the Zossen POW camp, German P.O.W. camps
Note: French colonial soldiers from North Africa.

The prisoners at the Zossen POW camp have their own non-commissioned officers, German P.O.W. camps
Note: French colonial soldiers from North Africa in ranks with their sergeant.

Canteen in the Zossen POW camp, German P.O.W. camps

Diverse nationalities in front of a barracks in the POW camp, German P.O.W. camps

In the prisoner camp at Zossen. Prisoners weaving straw for shoes, German P.O.W. camps

Prisoner sleeping quarters in the Zossen POW camp, German P.O.W. camps

French artistic gardener beautifying the exterior of a barracks building in the camp at Zossen, German P.O.W. camps

French prisoners at the camp in Zossen hauling wood for their barracks, German P.O.W. camps

Leon Bourgeois the successor of Delcasse
Note: Not a Frankl image. Leon Bourgeois was the French Foreign Minister in 1914.

Heavy artillery with Turkish crew on the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Dardanelles

Wiring the beaches, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Installing barbed wire entanglements.

Building barbed wire entanglements in a lake reed bed on the southwestern battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Barbed wire entanglements in a lake reed bed on the southwestern battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

In the battle zone around Lavarone. Camouflaged artillery positions that cannot be observed by the enemy, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

“We salute you again Italy.” A piece of heavy artillery which had been used previously in battle against Italy, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Antiquated heavy artillery piece without any recoil system set up in a prepared firing position. Prior to 1915, the Austrian and Italian armies had not fought a war since 1866. Presumably this cannon was old enough to have been used then.

On the southwestern battlefront. Troops resting in a firing position awaiting the order Make ready to fire, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Same location as Image 1073.

Entrance to a tunnel blasted out of rock which serves our troops as a shelter and which is completely protected from enemy shelling, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Fortress officer lookout on the southwestern battlefront using the crest of a ridgeline as an observation post, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

No caption, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Austrian staff car at a road intersection in the vicinity of Lavarone and Folgaria, South Tyrol.

In Folgaria, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Folgaria was a commune along the pre-war border between Austrian South Tyrol and Italy.

Folgaria, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Street scene in a South Tirolian (Tyrolian) village, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

On the Tirolian (Tyrolian) battlefront. Working on a suspended pathway, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Austrian troops working on a footbridge suspended from side of a mountain above a lake.

On the Tirolian (Tyrolian) battlefront. Dangerous military responsibilities, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

The Turkish light cruiser Midilli bombarding Novo Rossijsk (Novorossisk). Burning Russian freighter, Black Sea
Note: Probably not an original Frankl image, since he did not accompany this naval sortie. The Ottoman light cruiser Midilli was the former German vessel S.M.S. Breslau, which was taken into Ottoman service at the start of the war. During the war it operated mainly against Russian ships and facilities in the Black Sea, and late in 1914 it attacked the Russian port of Novorossisk sinking several vessels.

A bust of Hindenburg erected and decorated at the restaurant in the City Park of Steglitz (suburban Berlin), Berlin

Speech of the Reich Chancellor (Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg) at the dedication of the “Iron Hindenburg statue,” Berlin
Note: Outdoor speech at the site of the monument. Also identified on the image are Princess August Wilhelm (daughter-in-law of the Kaiser) and the wife Field Marshal Hindenburg.

Princess August Wilhelm and the wife of Field Marshal von Hindenburg going to the “nailing,” Berlin

Dedication of the Hindenburg monument in Berlin. With Princess August Wilhelm, the wife of Hindenburg, and Reich Chancellor von Bethmann Hollweg, Berlin

An airship flying over the celebration, Berlin

Arrival of Princess August Wilhelm at the celebration, Berlin

Life and activity at the Iron Hindenburg monument. The military band playing in front of the statue, Berlin
Note: In 1914 a large wooden statue of Field Marshal Hindenburg was erected in Berlin as a fund-raising activity to support the war effort. Individuals would donate money sums of money in order to be allowed to drive iron nails in the statue. The idea being that the financial sacrifice by civilians allowed German soldiers to assume a hard as iron character in fighting the enemies of Germany. The statue remained standing for the duration of the war, before being dismantled and destroyed.

Life and activity at the Hindenburg monument. Signing the register after 'nailing', Berlin
Note: Donors would pay 1 Mark to drive an iron nail into the statue or greater amounts to drive a silver nail.

Metal collecting site located in Friedenau (Berlin). The drop-off site, Berlin
Note: Scrap drives and related metallic mineral collecting was essential to the war effort.

Metal collecting site located in Friedenau (Berlin). Separating pieces of iron, Berlin

The “Kaisereck” convalescence home for wounded soldiers on Hartenbergstrasse 16 (Berlin), Berlin

The “Kaisereck” convalescence home for wounded soldiers on Hartenbergstrasse 16 (Berlin). The home was under the chair of the wife of Staatsminister von Loebel. The home's direction was in the hands of Mrs. von Bienenfeldt, Berlin

The “Kaisereck” convalescence home for wounded soldiers on Hartenbergstrasse 16 (Berlin). Her Excellency Frau Staatsminister von Loebel is distributing cigarettes and coffee ration stamps to soldiers, Berlin

The “Kaisereck” convalescence home for wounded soldiers on Hartenbergstrasse 16 (Berlin). Soldiers having coffee in the garden, Berlin

The “Kaisereck” convalescence home for wounded soldiers on Hartenbergstrasse 16 (Berlin). Soldiers playing billiards, Berlin

Trenches constructed by convalescent soldiers, Berlin
Note: A common feature in many cities during the war was the construction of scale model trenches and wire entanglements to allow civilians to gain an understanding of the realities of trench warfare. These examples were constructed by wounded soldiers.

Wounded Turkish officers in Berlin, Berlin
Note: Turkish officers convalescing in Berlin some time after the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of Germany in October 1914.

Heroes grave for Germans killed on the Dardanelles, Dardanelles
Note: Image shows a marker for four dead German sailors killed on March 18, 1915. This was during the fighting on the Gallipoli peninsula. Small German detachments supported the Turkish forces, but there is no indication that Frankl was there during the fighting.

Impact of a 305 mm mortar shell in a Russian position. Taken with a telephoto lens, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

In Tyrol. A machine detachment advances, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Austrian sappers checking on water mines on the southwestern battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

View of the Hotel Lavarone in the town of Lavarone, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Lavarone was a commune along the pre-war border between Austrian South Tyrol and Italy.

Lavarone, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

View of town of Lavarone in the southwest battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Reconnaissance patrol on the southwest battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Military fishing on the southwestern battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Group of Austrian sappers either laying or removing mines or obstacles.

“Fishing out” obstacles laid by the Italians, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Group of Austrian sappers removing what appear to be basket mines from a lake.

Fortifying an embankment on the southwest battlefront, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916

Sappers going to work, South Tyrol, Italy, 1915-1916
Note: Detachment of Austrian sappers heading off with equipment and weapons.

Winter quarters in Serbia. “A sunny spot,” Serbia, 1915 Fall

Winter quarters in Serbia. Bridge guard, Serbia, 1915 Fall

In a trench line in Dunajec, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian infantry on the battlefield in Galicia, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Patrol at rest, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Firing line reserves waiting for the order to advance, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian column at rest in a Galician village, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrians in a captured Russian trench, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Photo taken during the fighting on the Dunajec River. The order for the attack has been given, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

In battle with the Russians, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

A moment in time during the battles on the Dunajec River, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The battles on the Dunajec (River). Relief troops heading to the trenches, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The fighting in Galicia. Austrians in the trenches, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Among the latest battles of our allies in Galicia. The troops in the foreground are the reserve line waiting to go forward. In the background Austrian infantry has occupied Russian trenches, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The battles in Galicia. Austrian infantry assaulting Russian tranches, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Resting in front of a damaged home after a skirmish, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian infantry patrol passing through a village, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Passport control on the Swiss border, German-Swiss Border

German Red Cross officers and men who had been released from French POW camps in conformance with Geneva Convention rules, German-Swiss Border
Note: German and Swiss military and border guards and officials.

Two German medical officers who had been released from French POW camps in conformance with Geneva Convention rules, German-Swiss Border

Wounded soldiers, and their nurses, walking across the Kaiser Franz Joseph square in Berlin, Berlin

Wounded soldiers and nurses examining a captured artillery piece, Berlin

Wounded soldiers and captured artillery in front of the royal palace, Berlin

Wounded soldiers at the Christmas market in Berlin, Berlin

Wounded soldiers purchasing a Christmas tree, Berlin

Winter quarters in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Winter quarters in Serbia. Waterproof straw huts serving as horse stalls, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Soldiers preparing straw for roofs for winter quarters in Serbia, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Winter quarters in Serbia. “A sunny spot,” Serbia, 1915 Fall

Field blacksmith shop

Troops shooting at enemy plane

Defending a railway line

Fattening up the Christmas roast
Note: German troops getting pig ready for slaughter.

Remembrance of home
Note: German soldier with young girl and Christmas tree.

No caption
Note: German soldier and Christmas present.

The mail delivering hoped for packages

Our Landsturm (reservist) troops opening their Christmas packages

Trimming the Christmas tree

Troops gathered around the Christmas tree

German Landsturm (reservists) trimming a Christmas tree and giving gifts

Our Landsturm (reservist) troops trimming the tree

Our Landsturm (reservist) troops making paper baskets to decorate the Christmas tree

A Landwehrmann (reservist) bringing a Christmas tree back to his company

German soldiers holding up gifts of food

German soldiers using horse drawn sleights to transport Austrian wounded to a first aid station, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German medics using a sledge to transport Austrian wounded to a first aid station, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Aiding a wounded soldier in the Carpathian mountains, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German soldiers using sledges to transport Austrian wounded to a first aid station, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Transporting wounded soldiers in the Carpathians, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian soldiers on patrol in the snow covered forests of the Carpathians, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German and Austrian soldiers who are jointly fighting the Russians in the Carpathians. The photo shows German and Austrian troops on an oxcart, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German artillery column in the Carpathian Mountains, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German and Austrian medical troops on the way to the Usokpass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German and Austrian soldiers who have traded their headgear as a joke, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German and Austrian soldiers resting together in a brick covered bunker, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Wounded German soldier on a train being given a drink by an Austrian colleague, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German soldiers on a stopped troop train buying refreshments from a young girl, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian troops riding in a box car on their way to the front, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German and Austrians troops resting comfortably in the snow during a break in the fighting, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Cattle intended for slaughter being moved over the Dukla Pass towards the front, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German medical unit column passing through a village, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Cattle intended for slaughter behind the front in the Carpathians, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Supply column behind the front, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

“A rip in the trousers is quickly repaired”

Military cobbler repairing boots

Barbed wire depot behind the front

Handing out soup

Presents from home being distributed to troops preparing a New Year's punch

Distributing bread

Getting the latest news in enemy territory

Humorous musical ensemble
Note: German soldiers playing homemade instruments.

“The beauty advisors”
Note: German soldiers getting shaves.

“A little game”
Note: German soldiers playing cards.

Digging in a telephone pole

Repairing a truck in the field

Filling cans with gasoline

German signal troops

Border guards on the Swiss frontier, German-Swiss Border
Note: German and Swiss military and border guards.

German soldier praying at a mass grave

Supply column on the Uzsok Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Munitions column on the Uzsok Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian supply wagons on the way to the Dukla Pass in the Carpathians, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian munitions column on horses and mules being transported to the front, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Austrian troops resting in the vicinity of Uzsok Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Scene of Austrian and German soldiers in the Carpathian Mountains on a -20 Celsius (-4 degree Fahrenheit) day, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Winter wool clothing being distributed to Austrian soldiers near Uzsok Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

German soldiers conversing with their brothers-in-arms, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: Soldiers and field artillery wagons in front of a roadside calvary.

German and Austrian soldiers at a field kitchen, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

For some time now German and Austrian troops have been fighting jointly against the Russians. The photo shows German artillery parked in the vicinity of the Uzsok Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

As protection against the bitter cold of the Carpathian Mountains, the Austrian Army supply command delivers fur muffs for soldiers, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Results of the “Reich's Wool Week.” Every day loads of wool garments arrived at the collection point in the old Kroll Opera House and were sorted by volunteers, Berlin, 1915

Pressure kettles being used to cook tinned meat. In the background a kettle is being unloaded, Berlin, 1914

The cooked tins are transferred to a hot room kept at 30 degrees (86 degree Fahrenheit) Here they are cleaned and sorted. Any tins with bulges are separated since they have not sealed properly. The meat is then removed and used to feed poor civilians, Berlin, 1914

Tins in trays that are being loaded for shipping, Berlin, 1914

Packing tins for shipment, Berlin, 1914

The opening of the National Warrior's Home. The National Women's' Service has opened a home for wounded soldiers in Wilmersdorf (Berlin). Wounded soldiers who have no relatives in Berlin can go to this facility. The ladies of the National Women's' Service care for and entertain them with coffee and baked goods, Berlin, 1914

Christmas present distribution for East Prussian refugees. The Christmas present event was organized by Countess Mirbach and held in the new Philharmonic and 350 children were provided with many presents, Berlin, 1914

Collection point for cigars and newspapers for distribution to soldiers, Berlin, 1914

American military attaches who were staying in Berlin during a visit to the Franzerkaserne (barracks), Berlin
Note: Prior to the U.S. entry into the war in 1917, American neutrality meant that the American embassy staff in Berlin included a contingent of military and naval attaché personnel.

Emir Ali Pascha in Berlin. At present, Berlin is providing accommodation for a high ranking political guest, a son of Abd el Kader, who is the Vice-President of the Turkish legislature. Emir Ali Pascha, accompanied by an interpreter and aides, is using the legislature's recess period to study and learn about the Reich's capital. Emir Ali Pascha is a robust man in his fifties of a pronounced Turkish appearance. As the son of Abd el Kader he carries the title of Imperial Highness. The image shows a stroll down Unter den Linden, Berlin
Note: Emir Ali Pascha was in Berlin in either December 1914 or January 1915.

A Christmas tree decorated with the protective covers of shrapnel shells

“Hotel hole-in-the-ground” at the 14th Army (Cops) Headquarters, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: Wood covered dugout in the headquarters of the 14th Army (Corps).

The remains of Meierhofes in Poskitow north of Cracow in Russian territory. A Russian grave lies in the foreground of the image. Meierhof was assaulted five times by Austro-Hungarian troops and always recaptured by the Russians, until it was finally taken by our troops, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The ruins of a totally destroyed Russian village, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The arrival of a the first mail delivery at the Dukla Pass with a horse drawn sleigh, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

“A difficult passage,” Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915
Note: German troops crossing a log bridge.

Austrian artillery in the Carpathian Mountains, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

At the Uzsok Pass, from which the Russians have been pushed back, and in whose vicinity fighting is now happening. The image shows the pass with an Austrian supply depot, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

An idyllic scene in a Carpathian village. At dwelling being used as a cattle barn, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

Transporting cattle for slaughter across the Dukla Pass, Galicia and Carpathian winter campaign, 1914-1915

One can see from the image how prisoners are allowed to pursue their own interests, German P.O.W. camps
Note: French POWs at rest and sculpting.

A French prisoner, who is a sculptor, who has been given a private studio space to work on his art, German P.O.W. camps

Preparing goulash meat. Unloading carts full of sides of beef in the factory courtyard, Berlin, 1914

De-boning meet for goulash, Berlin, 1914

After de-boning the meat is sliced into smaller pieces, Berlin, 1914

The cut pieces of meat are packed in tins and sealed to make them airtight, Berlin, 1914

No caption, Berlin, 1914
Note: Preparing and sealing tins of meat.

When a vat is completely filled with tins it is placed inside of a larger vessel, sealed tightly, and the meat is pressure cooked with hot air, Berlin, 1914

The first performance of “Germany's Historical Development and Greatness” took place on February 13 (1915) in the exhibition hall of the Zoological Gardens. In addition to its patriotic intent, the endeavor serves both charitable and benevolent purposes also, Berlin, 1915
Note: Nibelungen legend (circa A.D. 350).

The first performance of “Germany's Historical Development and Greatness” took place on February 13 (1915) in the exhibition hall of the Zoological Gardens. In addition to its patriotic intent, the endeavor serves both charitable and benevolent purposes also, Berlin, 1915
Note: St. Boniface preaches Christianity to the Germans (circa A.D. 716).

The first performance of “Germany's Historical Development and Greatness” took place on February 13 (1915) in the exhibition hall of the Zoological Gardens. In addition to its patriotic intent, the endeavor serves both charitable and benevolent purposes also, Berlin, 1915

The first performance of “Germany's Historical Development and Greatness” took place on February 13 (1915) in the exhibition hall of the Zoological Gardens. In addition to its patriotic intent, the endeavor serves both charitable and benevolent purposes also, Berlin, 1915
Note: Prayer before battle (circa 1550).

The first performance of “Germany's Historical Development and Greatness” took place on February 13 (1915) in the exhibition hall of the Zoological Gardens. In addition to its patriotic intent, the endeavor serves both charitable and benevolent purposes also, Berlin, 1915
Note: Martin Luther's entrance into Worms (April 2, 1521).

Town crier drumming in front of crowd to announce the latest news and orders, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

“Hunger is the best cook.” Austrian soldiers in Czenstochau eating in front of food distribution point, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Wounded Austrian soldiers being loaded onto train cars, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

View of a saloon car, in which a Catholic mass is celebrated daily, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

German Landsturm (reservist) band playing as they march down a street in Lodz, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: The City of Lodz was a provincial capital in Russian Poland. It was captured by German forces in December 1914.

Even the worst weather does not stop our brave Pioniere (engineering troops). Here they are repairing a bridge in heavy snow, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

German manners and practices in Lodz. The Landsturm (reservist) band plays a concert daily at noon in front of the offices of the Governor, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Kindheartedness. Austrian soldier sharing his rations with a hungry child, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Construction of a bridge over the Warte River near Sieradz in Russian Poland, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Repairing wagon wheels in a “cannon hospital” behind the front, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Aerial view of the construction of a bridge over the Warte River near Sieradz in Russian Poland, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

At a “cannon hospital” on the Carpathian front. A view of the yard, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

At a “cannon hospital” on the Carpathian front. The firing tube is being cleaned, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

At a “cannon hospital” on the Carpathian front. Even the best constructed artillery pieces must be refurbished from time to time. That is why the introduction of cannon hospitals near the front is one of the best innovations of modern warfighting practice, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

German Landsturm (reservists) in Skiernewize examining a captured Russian water wagon, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The hospital train of Count Karolyi being inspected by Freiherr Scheffer-Boyadel while being accompanied by Count Anton Karolyi, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The hospital train of Count Karolyi. The Austrian foundation supported hospital train of County Anton Karolyi is being inspected by Freiherr Scheffer-Boyadel while in Skiernewize. He is accompanied by Dr. Meisel who is the director of the hospital, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The senior surgical advisor Professor Borchardt inspecting the hospital train, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The Czar's palace in Skiernewize (Skierniewice), Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The Czar's palace in Skiernewize (Skierniewice), now in the hands of the Germans and serving as the headquarters of eastern front commander Freiherr von Scheffer-Boyadel, who was has become famous for leading the breakthrough battle at Lodz resulting in the capture of 12,000 Russians, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

His Excellency Freiherr von Scheffer-Boyadel, recipient of the Order Pour le Merite with oak leaves. An army commander in the East, he is seen here with his adjutant Captain von Arnim, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The theater in the pleasure gardens in Skiernewize (Skierniewice), now converted for use as a hospital, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

“A high honor.” Jewish child given the job of holding a cavalryman's horse, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Greeting the Germans. Residents of Skiernewize (Skierniewice) decorate their houses with Garlands to welcome the arrival of German troops, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Russian deserters, now prisoners, who are at work in Skiernewize (Skierniewice), taking a break for lunch, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

The destroyed bridge in the park at Skiernewize (Skierniewice), which has been replaced by the Germans with a first-rate emergency bridge, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Skiernewize (Skierniewice). Arrival of Russian deserters, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

“Oh Czar, could you ever imagine this.” In the palace garden, Russian prisoners digging graves for our brave soldiers who have died heroes' deaths in Russian Poland, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Russian prisoners working to restore the destroyed train station in Skiernewize, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian Red Cross sisters speaking with Austrian and German soldiers, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Hungry children receiving Zwieback (crisp bread) from a warm-hearted Red Cross in Lodz, in order to partially relieve their hunger, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Temporary bridge and plank road over the Tolpa. In order to improve the bad roads, plank bridges have been constructed and are proving very useful, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Arrival of provisions in Skiernewize, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Arrival of a large shipment of flour being unloaded by Russian prisoners who defected to the Germans, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Arrival of new artillery pieces in Skiernewize, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Meat in abundance. Arrival of many hundred head of sheep destined for the provisioning of our brave troops in Russian Poland, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Lead rider on a horse-drawn piece of Austrian heavy artillery, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Group of children standing in front of a hospital train in Lodz listening to a gramophone set up to play music while the train was in the station, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Meat in abundance, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915
Note: Sheep being unloaded from a train car.

Before the image of the Black Madonna in Czenstochau, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

In front of the Convent of the Black Madonna in Czenstochau. Vendors selling souvenirs, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Marketplace in Czenstochau (Cz?stochowa), Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Entrance to the Convent of the Black Madonna in Czenstochau (Cz?stochowa), Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Soldiers hauling ammunition with a small wagon in the Carpathians, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian soldiers thronging around a hospital train that is also carrying gifts from home, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

A practical application for hospital trains. Tee vats. These vats are installed on hospital trains and can be used to supply wounded soldiers with tee. Each vat has a capacity of 80 liters, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Novo-Radomsk train station, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Blown-up gas reservoir in Skiernewize, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian sailors, who have completed their service and for whom no other military need was pressing, are being sent to dig trenches, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Austrian Red Cross sisters speaking with Austrian and German soldiers, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Water wheel in the desert, Ottoman Syria

On guard on the Sultan Javus Selim (Sultan Selim the Grim), Bosporus
Note: The German battlecruiser S.M.S. Goeben, and her escorts, were trapped in the Bosporus Straits at the beginning of the war. When Turkey entered the war on the side of the Central Powers, the German government transferred ownership of the vessel to Turkey, although she continued to be manned by her German crew. The ship was then renamed the Sultan Javus Selim. During the war she was active in operations against Russian forces in the Black Sea and the British in the Aegean Sea.

Blown-up gas reservoir in Novo Radomsk, Russian Poland (Russian Partition) and Galicia, 1915

Washing the decks on the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914
Note: The Sultan Javus Selim is former German battlecruiser S.M.S. Goeben.

Turkish cavalryman in front of a blossoming olive tree, Ottoman Syria and Suez Canal, late 1914

Orange seller in Damascus, Ottoman Syria and Suez Canal, late 1914

Sailors at rest on the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Playing cards on the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Mail call and packages arriving on the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Captain of the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Vice-Admiral Suchon and Commander (Korvetten Kapitan) Busse on the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914
Note: Vice Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, commander of the German squadron in the Mediterranean, was appointed as commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy in 1914 and held that position until 1917.

Armed launch on the Bosporus, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Officers of the Sultan Javus Selim, Bosporus Straits, 1914

View of the Bosporus, Bosporus Straits, 1914

No caption, Bosporus Straits, 1914
Note: Freighter being unloaded on the Bosporus.

Turkish naval officers, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Turkish torpedo boats on the Bosporus, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Turkish sailors, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Turkish naval band, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Turkish sailors, Bosporus Straits, 1914
Note: Turkish naval unit marching.

Cleaning a cannon barrel, Bosporus Straits, 1914

Turkish artillery in firing position, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Guard in front of an artillery piece, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Emplacing artillery, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Gun crew moving cannon into firing position.

Enemy in sight, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Field gun and crew ready for firing.

Turkish artillery in Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

The field gun is being emplaced, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

No caption, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish artillery equipped with “desert tires,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: The wheels of the gun carriage have been covered with wide metal bands to allow easier movement through the sand.

Machine guns in firing position, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish artillery equipped with “desert tires” on the way to the Suez Canal, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Enemy planes in sight near the Suez Canal, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish machine gun and crew using a tripod mounting for anti-aircraft fire.

Emplacing machine guns, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish artillery on the road to the Suez Canal, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Field telephone and periscope binoculars in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish artillery forward observer team.

Field artillery park in Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Periscope binoculars, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Field telephone in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Morning ablutions, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish soldier washing up in a puddle.

“Desert music,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish military band performing for troops.

Picturesque view of Lake Tiberius (Sea of Galilee), Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish soldiers chatting, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Desert barber at work, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Maintaining horse furniture and leather equipment in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Building tent frames in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Preparations for the march across the desert. Each soldiers is being given a sack with food and supplies, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish forces departed on their march across the Sinai Peninsula in order to attack the Suez Canal in mid-January 1915.

“Everything in one bowl,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish soldiers eating out of a common bowl.

The midday meal is being prepared in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish cooks at work with large cooking pots.

Preparing roast mutton, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Covering up flour supplies in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Stacked bags of flour being covered with a tent.

The midday meal is being prepared in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish solders lining up with food vessels waiting to be filled.

The doctor is bandaging the hand of a soldier who was bitten by a camel, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

“Rest period,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Two Turkish soldiers at rest on the side of a road.

Drinking, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Camel and rider drinking from a water hole.

“Can't forego a cup of coffee,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Two Turkish officers drinking coffee.

Turkish officer etching his name into a cactus leaf as a remembrance, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Orange vendor in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Flour supply wagons in a semi-desert region, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

No caption, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Turkish soldier in front of a carriage.

Camel caravan moving through the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Caravan of Red Crescent soldiers travelling through the desert with supplies, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: The Red Crescent is the Muslim version of the Red Cross.

Through Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish Red Crescent unit resting in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

The camel's back is sore with chafing from a saddle and the sore is being rubbed, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish column at rest in the desert with a Red Crescent flag, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Veterinary hospital for horses in Beersheba, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

“Operating of a foot.” The camel has to be distracted so that it does not bite anyone, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: One man is working on a camel's left fore foot while another is trying to distract it, and a third is holding the reins.

Camel caravan travelling through the Holy Land, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Ornery camel at a camel hospital in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Panorama of Ismid, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Women sitting by the roadside wailing for their husbands who are on active service in the field, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

View of the City of Tarus, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Silly (Silli) in Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Military prison in Osmanie (Osmaniye), Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

The train station in Osmanie (Osmaniye), Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Constantinople, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Hay depot in Oulon-Kichla, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Rachel's Tomb, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Bethlehem.

Wailing women in Hebron at the grave of a fallen soldier, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Oulon-Kichla. The ancient Tartar city on the edge of the Taurus Mountains, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

No caption, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

A place of ancient culture between Hebron and Bethlehem, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Adana. The Governor's offices, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: City of Adana is in Southern Turkey.

Hebron and its picturesque location between Jerusalem and Beersheba, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

The son of the Schafi Muftisi carrying the holy flag from the Mosque of OMarch in Jerusalem (probably mis-identified and Frankl meant the mosque at the Dome of the Rock). Announcing the Fatwa for Holy War to the troops in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: The Schafi Muftisi may have been a Muslim scholar or cleric allied with the Ottaman cause. Turkish forces preparing to depart on their march across the Sinai Peninsula in order to attack the Suez Canal at the end of January 1915.

Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Bey, commander of the 25th Infantry Division, giving an address to the troops about to depart for the Suez Canal. The Hodscha (hodja) on horseback in the middle of the image is preaching to the troops on the need for strict adherence to the principles of holy war, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Ali Fuat Bey, was one of the senior commanders leading Turkish troops on the unsuccessful attack on the Suez Canal in January 2015. He later commanded troops at Gallipoli and throughout the war. The Hodscha (hodja) would have been a mullah associated with the Turkish military.

Turkish cavalry patrol in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Automobile accident in the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Posed image of an automobile striking a camel.

Quartering troops in Aleppo, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Transporting sheep near Jerusalem, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish infantry on the march in Aleppo, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Burial of a soldier in Jerusalem, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

The train station in the City of Homs in Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

“Plague of dogs in Turkey,” Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Feral dogs hanging around a train car.

On the road towards Jerusalem, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Silly (Silli) the last supply point. Making preparations for the march across the desert, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Turkish school hut in Syria, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

Rail station guard in Silly (Silli), which is an important supply point, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

(European) nurses in Jerusalem, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

A Senussi fighter on a camel, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915
Note: The Senussi were a Muslim political-religious order and clan, founded in the 19th Century and centered in what is modern-day Libya. Opposed to Italian and British imperialism, they supported the military efforts of the Ottoman Turks and launched a guerrilla campaign against the British in Egypt in 1916.

Loading camels with provisions and entrenching tools, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

A female camel with its calf, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

A draisine, or speeder, on the Baghdad rail line, Ottoman Syria and Palestine, late 1914-early 1915

From the days of mobilization in Germany. Distributing special editions of newspapers in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

On the first day of mobilization in front of the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Reservists marching by the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 1914

On the first day of mobilization. Departing troops being cheered by crowds in front of the German Colonial Museum, Berlin, 1914

The scene of front of the Royal Palace on the first day of mobilization, Berlin, 1914

Twelve noon on the first day of mobilization. Crowd in front of the Russian embassy, Berlin, 1914

Mobilization. Heading for the training ground, Berlin, 1914

In front of the (military) district headquarters in Berlin-Schoeneberg on the first day of mobilization, Berlin, 1914
Note: Reservists waiting to enter to begin mobilization process.

In front of the (military) district headquarters, Berlin, 1914

Red Cross sisters in front of the Reichstag building, Berlin, 1914

Female Red Cross volunteers in front of the Reichstag building, Berlin, 1914

Female Red Cross volunteers cheering reservists passing by the Reichstag, Berlin, 1914

Mustering horses for service at the Tempelhof field, Berlin, 1914

Austrian reservists waiting at the Silesian train station, Berlin, 1914
Note: Austrian reservists waiting for trains to return to Austria-Hungary in order to be mobilized for the war.

Military supply administration purchasing civilians wagons at the Tempelhof field. The accepted wagons are being stamped for identification, Berlin, 1914

Red Cross leaving Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Red Cross troops leaving Berlin passing by the Wilhelmstrasse and the Siegesallee, Berlin, 1914

Supply wagons, passing by the Siegesallee, heading for the war zone, Berlin, 1914

At a daycare facility for the children of soldiers, Berlin, 1914

Daycare for the children of soldiers. Children are cared for and given food daily, without charge, by volunteer aids, Berlin, 1914

Collecting donations for the Red Cross, Berlin, 1914

The Duchess of Braunschweig (Brunswick) in front of the Crown Prince's Palace, Berlin, 1914

Quartered in French Buchholz. Playing skat and horse grooming, Berlin, 1914
Note: French Buchholz (or simply Buchholz) is a neighborhood in the Pankow section of Berlin.

Quartered in French Buchholz. Morning wash-up, Berlin, 1914

Quartered in French Buchholz. Playing skat, Berlin, 1914

View of the garden of the Red Cross soup kitchen, Berlin, 1914

Red Cross soup kitchen in Berlin on the Moritzplatz, Berlin, 1914

Red Cross soup kitchen with a crowd at the entrance. For 10 pfennigs one can obtain a hearty lunch, Berlin, 1914

Feeding the needy in Friedenau-Wilmersdorf at the Kaiserplatz, Berlin, 1914

Landsturm (reservist) soldiers in Brandenberg on the Havel. Landsturm are identifiable by the cross on their shakos, Berlin, 1914
Note: Landsturm were the most senior, and elderly, groups of reservists in the German Army, comprising men in their 40s and 50s. They would have only been activated for duty in the most extreme emergencies.

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. Playing skat, Berlin, 1914

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. Soldier in forefront of image has to write with his left hand since he was wounded in his right one, Berlin, 1914

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. At a coffee break, Berlin, 1914

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. Soldiers with a hospital sheep, Berlin, 1914

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. Reading and talking about the war, Berlin, 1914

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. We have Liege. Berlin, 1914
Note: Wounded soldiers animatedly talking about the fall of fortress Liege in Belgium.

The first wounded soldiers in Berlin. Playing games and relaxing at the garrison hospital, Berlin, 1914

East Prussian refugees in front of the Dom (cathedral) in Berlin, Berlin, 1914
Note: The Russian invasion of East Prussia in August 1914 prompted a major flow of refugees out of the province, and many were temporarily settled in Berlin.

East Prussian refugees in Berlin. On the way to the Dom (cathedral), Berlin, 1914

East Prussian refugees in Berlin. Arrival station for refugees in Weissensee, Berlin, 1914

Delivering sides of meat in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Robust shoes for our troops in the field, Berlin, 1914

Fish monger unloading fish in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Deliveries of vegetables in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Delivering flour to Berlin on barges, Berlin, 1914

A common sight in wartime. Delivery of loaves of bread on large freight wagons, Berlin, 1914

View of the sewing room, Berlin, 1914
Note: Group of women sewing to support needs of soldiers.

Bridge guard in Schirmeck, Alsace, 1914

The watch in the Vosges. Soldier (on bicycle) on patrol with a white handkerchief as a recognition sign, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Soldiers at rest, Alsace, 1914
Note: Troops from the Kingdom of Bavaria formed a distinct part of the German army.

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The supply wagons on parade, Alsace, 1914

No caption, Alsace, 1914

Red Cross vehicle on the way to the front. It delivers packages and gifts for the troops and comes back with the wounded, Alsace, 1914

Presents and gifts for the Bavarian troops in the Vosges, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Horse furniture and leather equipment must be replaced, Alsace, 1914

The town crier of Schirmeck delivering the new regulations, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Arrival of the mail, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Two soldiers arriving in village with equipment and packages, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The farrier at work, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Final preparations for a trip to the front, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The subtler, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Soldier with a hay wagon, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. “Good news,” Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The doctor is asking for directions, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The regimental cobbler, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Rest period, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Grilling sausages over open fire, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Supply column on the road, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. Collecting grass for a horse, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. The welcome subtler wagon, Alsace, 1914

Our Bavarians in the Vosges. In front of the city hall in Schirmeck, Alsace, 1914

Requisitioned French oxen, Alsace, 1914

Requisitioned animals. The oxen are first used as draft animals and when meat supplies run low are slaughtered for food. The horses are protected and cared for, Alsace, 1914

German instruction in Alsace. A soldier is conducting the class since the teacher has been inducted into service, Alsace, 1914

Town of Saales in the Vosges, Alsace, 1914

Town of Saales in Alsace, Alsace, 1914

Town of Saales. Bombarded by the French on September 28 (1914), Alsace, 1914

Saales in Alsace. Bombarded by the French on September 28. View of the train station, Alsace, 1914

Saales in Alsace. Bombarded by the French on September 28, Alsace, 1914

Neidenburg, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Scenes of destroyed and burned out buildings.

Neidenburg, East Prussia, 1914
Note: German soldiers in front of looted and destroyed store.

Ortelsburg in East Prussia, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Scenes of destroyed and burned out buildings.

No caption, East Prussia, 1914
Note: East Prussia. Scene of burned buildings.

Ortelsburg in East Prussia. The Russian destroyed the fire fighting apparatus so that the residents could not put out the flames, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg in East Prussia. Destroyed city bank building, East Prussia, 1914

East Prussian Landsturm (reservists) marching, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg in East Prussia. Landrat ( local official) distributing gutscheine (food coupons) to the poor, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg. Seminary building, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Aftermath of the Battle of Tannenberg.

Ortelsburg, East Prussia, 1914

Russian Red Cross wagon captured by the Germans, East Prussia, 1914

Hohenstein in East Prussia. Bicycle patrol, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg. Damaged church, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg in East Prussia, East Prussia, 1914

Ortelsburg. Searching for belongings, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Civilians searching in building ruins for their possessions.

Original painting by the artist Ehrlich, which had hung in the Landratsamt in Ortelsburg and which was destroyed by the Russians, East Prussia, 1914

Neidenburg, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Scenes of destroyed and burned buildings.

East Prussian refugees whose homes had been burned by Russian troops and who are living in railroad cars, East Prussia, 1914

Soldiers cleaning weapons after a fight, East Prussia, 1914

Debris of battle near Allenstein, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Aftermath of the Battle of Tannenberg.

Trophies of victory in Allenstein, East Prussia, 1914

Debris of battle abandoned by retreating Russian. Market place in Allenstein, East Prussia, 1914

Cattle, scattered by the fighting, are being herded together next to a burned out barn building, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Hohenstein.

Railroad guards on the eastern border, East Prussia, 1914

Captured Russian field kitchen, East Prussia, 1914

East Prussia. A quick connection, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Soldiers in discussion.

“Necessity is the mother of invention,” East Prussia, 1914
Note: Soldiers around a makeshift stove.

Captured Russian limbers and ammunition carts, East Prussia, 1914
Note: Aftermath of the Battle of Tannenberg.

Russian Cossacks on guard duty in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Czernowitz, capital city of the Austrian province of Bukowina, was on the front line of fighting between Austrians and Russians. It was occupied by Russian forces on several occasions. These images, taken during one of these occupations, were later acquired by Frankl.

The mayor of Czernowitz surrendering the city to the Russians, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Original photograph of the first Russians to enter Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Russian soldiers posing for a group photograph at a photo studio in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

A Russian captain, killed near Czernowitz, who is being given an Orthodox funeral service in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Hungarian hussars in Budapest, Hungary

Notgeld in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Notgeld was government issued scrip as a substitute for money during emergencies.

(Austrian) rapid fire anti-aircraft gun and mounting on the Russian front, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Jewish man from Bukowina praying for victory, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Native of Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

In Bukowina. Woman at the farmer's market in Czernowitz selling a goose, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Austrian field kitchens and bakeries preparing to march out, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Farmers from Bukowina and Austrian soldiers. A cheerful group, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Guard in front of the headquarters in Sanda Gora, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Returning from the front. Budapest, Hungary
Note: Soldier having his shoes polished.

Hungarian hussar, and his wife, heading for the train station, Hungary

Soldier as gooseherd, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

“A good catch,” Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldier with a duck and a chicken.

Guard post in Sanda Gora, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Sanda Gora (Sadagora or Sadhora) is now a suburb of Chernivitsi.

Children in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

In Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers and civilian youth.

In Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers and civilians gathered around a fire.

Mornings in Sanda Gora on a day with -4 degree Fahrenheit temperature, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Transporting wounded in Czernowitz (Chernivtsi), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Guard post on the Pruth (River) in -4 degree Fahrenheit temperature, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

In Bukowina. Mounted patrol asking for directions, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

In Bukowina. On patrol, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

On patrol in the snow covered forests of Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Morning ride, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Snowy trenches, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Emergency bridge over the Pruth (River) near Sanda Gora, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

On patrol in the Carpathian mountains in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Snowy trenches in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Warming hut, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers gather around fire in a makeshift hut.

Snow covered trench, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Delivering a message on the Pruth (River) in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Weather-proof stabling for horses, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Trench line, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers in a snowy trench.

An abandoned dugout, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Keeping a close watch on the enemy, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

On patrol in the Carpathians, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

“Unwilling sport,” Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers sliding down snow.

Bad roads in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Keeping a close watch on the enemy with the temperature at -4 degrees Fahrenheit, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Civilian residents observing Russian troops on the heights across the river (Pruth), Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Defending the Pruth River bridge, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Morning formation at the Pruth River bridge, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Distributing ammunition to guards at the Pruth River bridge, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Defense of the Pruth (River) bridge near Sanda Gora in Bukowina, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Polish Landsturm (reservists) in a firing position, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Artillery position among the vineyards near Sanda Gora, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Serbian refugees, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Unusual refugees. A flock of geese, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Serbian refugees passing through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A Serbian refugee child, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Fleeing from friend and foe. Serbian populace, chased out of their homes by their own troops in order to not become annoyances, fleeing restlessly from town to town. Here passing through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Ownerless swine (in front of destroyed buildings), Serbia, 1915 Fall

Supply column on the march, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Hungarian hussars crossing the pontoon bridge over the Save (River), Serbia, 1915 Fall

Artillery position among the vineyards near Sanda Gora, Bukowina, late 1914-early 1915

Through Serbia in stormy weather, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Supply column on the march, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Bridge guard, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Supply column passing through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

An abandoned Serbian house being used as a horse stable, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian field kitchen passing through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Hungarian Ulans (actually Hussars) on the way towards Valjevo, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Ownerless cattle being herded together by Austrian soldiers and moved towards the front, Serbia, 1915 Fall

Austrian soldiers riding through Sabac with Serbian prisoners in the background, Serbia, 1915 Fall

A patrol riding through Sabac, Serbia, 1915 Fall

At work at the Patriotic Women's Association in Berlin. 1. Miss von Hagen, 2. Miss M.L. Schmidt, 3. Mrs. Consul Staudt, 4. Mrs. Excellency Sydow, 5. Miss Consul Blell, 6. Miss Studt, Berlin, 1914

View of the cutting room, Berlin, 1914
Note: Group of women sewing to support needs of soldiers.

East Prussian refugees in the Zoological Gardens, Berlin, 1914

Russian internees in the zoo, Berlin, 1914

War losses. Lists of the dead posted on a wall on Dorothen Strasse, Berlin, 1914

Hospital ship for the wounded, which was visited by the Empress, Berlin, 1914

The Empress and Princess Eitel Friedrich riding in a carriage on the way to visit the hospital ship, Berlin, 1914

Patriotic Berlin. “Hindenburg's victory, 80,000 Russian prisoners,” Berlin, 1914
Note: Apartment buildings bedecked with German flags on balconies.

Our victors. German soldiers, dressed in Belgian uniforms, displaying captured weapons, Berlin, 1914

Russian machine guns in front of the Berlin military headquarters, Berlin, 1914

Russian machine guns pulled by captured Cossack horses, Berlin, 1914

Captured French artillery in front of the Crown Prince's Palace, Berlin, 1914

Captured Belgian artillery, Berlin, 1914
Note: Parade through the Brandenberg Gate.

Captured Russian artillery, Berlin, 1914

Russian regimental colors, captured by the Osterode Landsturm (reservists), Berlin, 1914
Note: Parade near the Reichstag building.

Entrance into Berlin of the first battle trophies on Sedantage. The column is being led by Colonel Jakobi, Berlin, 1914
Note: Sedantage on September 2nd celebrated the German victory over the French army at the Battle of Sedan in 1870.

Russian artillery at the Siegesaule (victory column), Berlin, 1914

Daily scenes of the crowd gathered in front of the garrison door waiting to receive a free noon day meal from soldier's kitchen, Berlin, 1914

In front of the workshops in Spandau. Thousands of people are employed here, making and preparing all sorts of things for the military, Berlin, 1914

Fort Fliron near Liege, Belgium, 1914
Note: Fort Fliron was one of the fortifications surrounding the Belgian City of Liege. It was captured by the Germans in August 1914.

What the French (Franktireurs) are using to shoot at our soldiers
Note: Probably not a Frankl image. Various types of bullets, often referred to as dum dum bullets, which were designed to inflict grievous damage on human flesh. German propaganda made much of the (supposed) use of these by French and Belgian soldiers.

The 83rd Infantry Regiment in Namur, Belgium, 1914

The effects of a 420 mm mortar shell at Fort Loucin, Belgium, 1914
Note: Fort Loucin was one of the fortifications surrounding the Belgian City of Liege. It was captured by the Germans in August 1914.

Notgeld (emergency money/scrip) from the City of Hohensalza, Poland
Note: Hohensalza, in the German Province of Posen, became part of Poland in 1918 and was renamed Inowroclaw.

Destroyed bridge in Andenne, Belgium
Note: City on the Meuse River.

Songfest at the Koenigsplatz, Berlin, 1914

Collection point for canes for wounded soldiers in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

The first visiting day at the garrison hospital. Awaiting visitors, Berlin, 1914

The first visiting day at the garrison hospital. 'The young son,' Berlin, 1914
Note: Mother and children visiting their wounded father.

Remarkable path of a piece of shrapnel, Berlin, 1914
Note: Images of a German uniform overcoat with shrapnel holes.

Remarkable path of a rifle bullet, Berlin, 1914
Note: Images of a German uniform overcoat with bullet holes.

Rotax portable X-ray apparatus, Berlin, 1914

National Women's Service. The bedding section, Berlin, 1914

National Women's Service. The indigent and East Prussian refugees received free shoes, clothing, and underwear, Berlin, 1914

View of the interior of the medical (bandage preparation) depot, Berlin, 1914

The medical depot in Berlin. Preparation of field dressings, Berlin, 1914

The medical depot in Berlin. Preparation of foot cream, Berlin, 1914

Ladies of higher standing working in the medical depot preparing dressings, Berlin, 1914

Care for the wounded. Preparation of ampules in the main medical depot in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Officers training a Deutschwehr unit in Schmargendorf, Berlin, 1914
Note: The Deutschwehr were volunteers for the war effort.

“Hurrah, we're heading to the front,” Berlin, 1914
Note: German soldiers and artillery caissons loaded on a flat car.

East Prussian refugees, who are in Berlin to be inducted in the military, receive free meals daily courtesy of a well-known restaurant (Weinstuben Haus Trarbach), Berlin, 1914

Dog collecting donations for the Red Cross, Berlin, 1914

The famous Swedish author and naturalist Sven Hedin in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Collection box for cigars (for soldiers), Berlin, 1914

Noon day meals for needy artists, Berlin, 1914

In the reading room, Berlin, 1914

Instead of free meals, needy children receive a basket weekly with enough food to last for a week, Berlin, 1914

Training of a medical unit in Berlin-Friedenau, Berlin, 1914

At home workers working daily to prepare uniforms for the military, Berlin, 1914

The War Credits Bank of greater Berlin located in the Wilhelmstrasse, Berlin, 1914

Flag seller on Unter den Linden, Berlin, 1914

Work at home. The flag artist at work preparing flags, Berlin, 1914

Temporary wooden barracks for the wounded next to the (Father) Jahn memorial in Berlin, Berlin, 1914

Patriotism on the roof veranda. Employees of a large store in Berlin using their free time to knit socks for our brave fighters, Berlin, 1914

Railway track guard. On guard now with a rifle

“The wife must stand in for her husband,” a station master

The good-bye kiss

Collection point for gold, silver, copper, and other metals, Berlin, 1914

Views of the City Hall in Louvain (Leuven or Loewen) before and after the bombardment, Belgium
Note: Louvain was attacked, and heavily damaged, by German forces in August 1914.

The largest stained glass window in Europe located in the cathedral of Dinant. Even though the church building suffered enormous damage from shelling and fire, the window remained undamaged, Belgium
Note: Dinant was attacked, and heavily damaged, by German forces in August 1914.

Marketplace in Mecheln. Depot area for German soldiers, Belgium
Note: City near Antwerp.

“Put out your flags-Antwerp is ours,” Berlin, 1914
Note: Horse-drawn trams bedecked with German flags.

Wounded officer training recruits who are still in civilian clothing, Berlin, 1914

“At a meal,” Berlin, 1914
Note: Recruits, still in civilian clothing, taking a meal break.

Deutschwehr unit in training, Berlin, 1914

Deutschwehr unit in training, Berlin, 1914

First aid dogs and their trainers on parade, Berlin, 1914

Collection point at the National Library in Berlin for books for the wounded. Books are being packed in crates to make them available to hospitals, Berlin, 1914

No caption, Berlin, 1914
Note: Dog being trained to assist in rendering first aid.

Wounded soldiers in front of the Royal Palace in Berlin viewing captured Russian cannon, Berlin, 1914

Destruction by French troops of a store in Deutsch-Avricourt on the border between France and the German Province of Lorraine, Lorraine, 1914

Pit that formerly held a firing position for a 420 mm mortar. The pit was later filled with water so that spies would not be able to photograph and locate the position
Note: The 420 millimeter (16 inch) diameter mortar was the largest caliber artillery piece fielded by the German Army in World War One. It was moved in sections and assembled, on site, in a specially prepared firing position.

Guard post in front of the city hall in Schirmeck, Alsace, 1914

On guard in Donon in Lower Alsace, Alsace, 1914

Taking precautions against cholera and dysentery on Galicia. Distilled water for soldiers. The guard is ensuring that the water is not contaminated, Galicia, 1915

Taking precautions against cholera and dysentery on Galicia. Isolation barracks for cholera patients, Galicia, 1915

Taking precautions against cholera and dysentery on Galicia. Barracks buildings are being surrounded with trenches filled with lime, Galicia, 1915

Taking precautions against cholera and dysentery on Galicia. Litters that may only be used for dysentery patients, Galicia, 1915

Firing Line, Galicia, 1915
Note: The Polish Legion was a volunteer force of ethnic Poles raised by the Austro-Hungarian army in 1914. It had various incarnations during the war, and its members formed the nucleus of the post-war army of independent Poland.

Polish Legion in the Carpathians. Troops cleaning mess dishes after eating, Galicia, 1915

Polish Legion in the Carpathians. Bivouac, Galicia, 1915

Polish Legion in the Carpathians. Distributing food, Galicia, 1915

Polish Legion in the Carpathians. Preparing to eat, Galicia, 1915

Rest period, Galicia, 1915

Officers of the Polish Legion, Galicia, 1915

Polish Legion trumpeter, Galicia, 1915

Sharpshooters of the Polish Legion, Galicia, 1915

Galician flour sellers from Tarnow, Galicia, 1915
Note: Tarnow, a city in Austrian Galicia and now in Poland, was captured by Russian forces in 1914 and retaken by Austrian and German troops in May 1915.

Searchlight positioned on a fort in Antwerp in order to light a section of railroad track, Belgium, 1914

Baron Conrad von Hötzendorf at the Austro-Hungarian headquarters, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Field Marshal Baron Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf (1852-1925) was the Chief of Staff of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1910 to 1917.

American military attaches at the Austro-Hungarian headquarters, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Identified on the photograph as Captain McIntire and Major Ford. Military attaches from neutral countries, such as the United States, would have received permission to visit battle zones on escorted trips.

The heir apparent to the throne, the Archduke Karl Franz Joseph at the headquarters, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Archduke Karl succeeded Emperor Franz Joseph, after his death in 1916, to become Emperor Charles I.

Marquis Pallavicini, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Pallavicini was an Austrian diplomat and ambassador to Turkey.

Unidentified officers, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters

War Minister His Excellency Krobatin, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Count Alexander von Krobatin served as the Imperial Austro-Hungarian War Minister from 1912 to 1917.

Archduke Leopold Salvator and Baron Wolff, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters

Austrian general staff officers, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters

German and Austrian general staff officers, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters

Field Marshal Baron Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Field Marshal Baron Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf was the Chief of Staff of the Austro-Hungarian army from 1910 to 1917.

Count Boos Waldeg (Waldeck) and Count Kinigg, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: Count Reinhold Boos-Waldeck.

Archduke Frederick with his daughter, Teschen (Cieszyn), Austrian military headquarters
Note: The Archduke Frederick (1856-1936), was the Supreme Commander of the military forces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War One.

Galician refugees passing through Tarnow, Galicia, 1915

Galician refugees, Galicia, 1915

Austro-Hungarian chaplain, Galicia, 1915

Hungarian Red Cross in Tarnow, Galicia, 1915

No caption, Galicia, 1915
Note: Austrian supply wagon.

No caption, Galicia, 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers washing a supply truck.

Collecting a straggling supply column wagon in Galicia, Galicia, 1915

“Oh cook, you're going to over salt the soup again,” Galicia, 1915

Washing clothes in Galicia, Galicia, 1915

No caption, Galicia, 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers filling a water wagon from a well.

The modern kitchen maid. Deliverying via automobile, Galicia, 1915

No caption, Galicia, 1915
Note: Austrian soldiers washing up.

Getting ready for winter. Sawing firewood, Galicia, 1915

Washing clothes, Galicia, 1915

Replacement automobile tires and inner tubes, Galicia

Steam roller intended to be used to even out bad roads in Russia and Galicia, Vienna

Wounded soldiers in the Vienna Rotunde on a sunny day, Vienna

Hungarian recruit with an injured hand playing the violin in a Hungarian manner, Vienna

Wounded soldiers in the Vienna Rotunde waiting for leave certificates, Vienna

Wounded soldiers in the Vienna Secession, Vienna

Wounded soldiers next to the Vienna Secession building. On nice days the wounded sit around the Marc Antony statue, Vienna

Young girls using their free time to knit socks for soldiers at the front, Vienna

“The golden Viennese heart.” A Viennese errand boy pulling a wounded soldier in a cart to his destination, Vienna

No caption, Vienna
Note: Woman pinning corsage on the lapel of a wounded soldier.

Train car load of hay in East Prussia, East Prussia, 1914

Replacement reservists on their way to the front in order to dig trenches, East Prussia, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp. On the way to Ostende, Belgium, 1914
Note: German forces occupied Antwerp on October 10th, 1914 after a two week siege.

Our naval infantry in Antwerp on their way out of the city, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp. Requisitioned wagons and horses, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp. The mail wagon, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp. Guard post on the street, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry departing Antwerp in order to occupy Ostende. Soldiers on a supply wagon, Belgium, 1914

Officer's carriage, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp. The watch on the Schelde River, Belgium, 1914

Weekly market in Antwerp. Our naval soldiers buying fruit, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry at the zoological gardens of Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry at the Antwerp Zoo, Belgium, 1914

Our naval infantry in Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

Naval infantry on parade in Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

German soldiers marching down a street with damaged buildings in Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

German hussars passing through Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

A cinema building wall covered with posters, Belgium, 1914

Belgian refugees returning home under military inspection, Belgium, 1914
Note: Many residents of Antwerp fled to Holland at the beginning of the German siege in 1914. By October of that year, German military authorities were negotiating withg Dutch officials to encourage the return of these refugees.

Refugees from Antwerp returning home from Holland, Belgium, 1914

Refugees, Belgium, 1914

Nuns returning home to Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

Refugees returning home. View of the neutral train entering Merxen (Merskem) bringing refugees from Holland, Belgium, 1914
Note: Merxen (now Merksem) is part of the City of Antwerp and is a short distance from the border with the Netherlands.

Merxen train station. Refugees passing through a line of soldiers, Belgium, 1914

Refugees returning home in good spirits, Belgium, 1914

Return of the refugees, Belgium, 1914

Before any refugees are allowed to enter Antwerp, they must prove their legitimate status, Belgium, 1914

Belgian nuns returning home from Holland, Belgium, 1914

The first neutral train pulling into Merxen (Merskem), Belgium, 1914

Belgian refugees in Merxen, Belgium, 1914

Dutch officials and German soldiers in front of the locomotive pulling the neutral train, Belgium, 1914

Refugees receiving their railway tickets in Bergen op Zoom for the trip to Merxen, Belgium, 1914
Note: Bergen op Zoom, the first large city on the Dutch side of the border was the main entry point for refugees fleeing from Belgium.

Refugees from Antwerp awaiting the train that will take them home, Belgium, 1914

Refugees on the way home, Belgium, 1914

Passport control for refugees, Belgium, 1914

Refugees in Holland. Mothers combing their children's hair in the morning, Belgium, 1914

Refugees brewing coffee in the morning, Belgium, 1914

Belgian nuns fleeing, Belgium, 1914

Refugee camp in Holland near Bergen op Zoom, Belgium, 1914

Refugees in Holland. Washing day, Belgium, 1914

Belgian refugees in Holland. Cooking midday meals in the marketplace of Bergen op Zoom, Belgium, 1914

Refugees in the marketplace of Bergen op Zoom, Belgium, 1914

Suffering of refugees, Belgium, 1914

Dutch soldiers distributing bread to refugees in the marketplace of Bergen op Zoom in Holland, Belgium, 1914

Refugees, Belgium, 1914

Refugees, Belgium, 1914

Refugee suffering, Belgium, 1914

Distribution of assignments for sleeping quarters to Belgian refugees in Bergen op Zoom, Holland, Belgium, 1914

Refugees feel themselves welcome in Holland, Belgium, 1914

Belgian children, Belgium, 1914

Belgian refugee, Belgium, 1914

A wagon serving as an emergency shelter for a refugee family, Belgium, 1914

In front of the City hall in Bergen op Zoom. A refugee who had collapsed from exhaustion is being carried away by Dutch soldiers, Belgium, 1914

Destroyed bridge near Merxen, Belgium, 1914

Refugee shack made of loose boards, Belgium, 1914

Refugees using every available dark wall space to write messages and addresses in order to inform relative of their location, Belgium, 1914

No caption, Belgium, 1914

Our zeppelins. Bombardment that destroyed an entire section of Antwerp, Belgium, 1914
Note: A German airship (zeppelin) dropped bombs on Antwerp late in August 1914, which was one of the first uses of these craft for aerial bombardment.

Results of a direct hit from a 180 mm shell, Belgium, 1914

Refugees receiving a midday meal at a Dutch church, Belgium, 1914

Results of shelling, Belgium, 1914

Dutch motorcyclist with a new invention. The rear-view mirror (on his handlebars) allows a clear view of what's behind him, Belgium, 1914

Wounded soldiers writing quick notes home before the departure of the train, Belgium, 1914

Antwerp police personnel in front of a guard house, Belgium, 1914

Reconstructing destroyed buildings in Merxen, Belgium, 1914

House in Antwerp with an external ladder. During the siege residents used this ladder to climb onto the roof to scan for German zeppelins, Belgium, 1914

Antwerp Cathedral flying the German flag, Belgium, 1914

Sealed off entrance to the main train station in Antwerp, Belgium, 1914

Landsturm (reservists) transporting food supplies through the snowed in Taurus Mountains, Anatolia

Supply transport through Constantinople, Anatolia

Military transport through the snowed in Taurus Mountains, Anatolia

Duties of the Turkish Landsturm (reservists). Train and depot guards, Anatolia

Turkish Landsturmann (reservist) on guard, Anatolia

Turkish Ulans on the march, Anatolia

Turkish cavalry on the march, Anatolia

Difficult passage over a mountain stream, Anatolia