Title: Wisconsin. Bureau of Community Health: General Records
Inclusive Dates: 1916-1979

Creator:

• Wisconsin. Bureau of Community Health

Call Number: Series 2708; PH Series 2708; 1977/162

Quantity: 9.0 c.f. (9 record center cartons) and 244 photographs (1 archives box); plus additions of 2.8 c.f.

Repository:

Wisconsin Historical Society, Division of Library, Archives, and Museum Collections

Archival Locations:

COLLECTION MAY BE STORED OFF-SITE: see catalog entry to request materials and for additional information.

Wisconsin Historical Society (Map)

Abstract:

General records of the bureau and its predecessor, the Bureau of Child and Maternal Health, relating to its broad public health responsibilities for maternal and child health, mental health, mental retardation, and school health. Some files document the tenure of Amy Louise Hunter as head of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health, and they include documentation on numerous statistical studies she initiated or participated in concerning infant blindness, premature birth, maternal and neonatal mortality, midwives, migrant workers, and other topics. There is also data on midwives, the distribution of incubators, and Wisconsin generally.

Language: English

URL to cite for this finding aid: http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-whs-ser02708

 ↑ Bookmark this ↑

 ↑ Bookmark this ↑

This collection was received in multiple parts from the donor(s) and is organized into 2 major parts. These materials have not been physically interfiled and researchers might need to consult more than one part to locate similar materials.

• Part 1 (Series 2708, PH Series 2708): Original Collection, 1916-1979
• Part 2 (1977/162): Additions, 1937-1977

Acquisition Information

Accession Number: 1972/143, 1977/162

Series 2708	Part 1 (Series 2708, PH Series 2708): Original Collection, 1916-1979 Physical Description: 9.0 c.f. (9 record center cartons) and 244 photographs (1 archives box)  Scope and Content Note Included are correspondence, memoranda, narrative and statistical staff reports, minutes, writings, radio talks, and informational materials. The files concern workshops and training classes conducted by bureau and district staff and others for parents and medical personnel; legislation particularly regarding revision of rules for maternity hospitals; relations with state and national professional organizations such as the Community Welfare Council, the Interdisciplinary Committee on Mental Retardation, the State Medical Society of Wisconsin and its Division of Maternal and Child Welfare, and the State School Health Council; and information on projects such as the Coordinated Health Services for School Age Children project and the Wisconsin Cooperative School Health Program. Photographs accompanying the series are primarily publicity photographs of Amy Louise Hunter and posed photographs of child rearing activities during the 1930s and 1940s, parenting classes, and exhibits that were used to illustrate bureau publications.There are also prints of frames from films and filmstrips produced by the bureau, most notably Judy's Diary.
Box   1 Folder   1	Administration, 1939, 1955
Box   1 Folder   2	American Academy of Pediatrics, 1965-1969
Box   1 Folder   3	Child Health Study, 1948
Box   1 Folder   4	American Public Health Association, 1955-1966
Box   1 Folder   5-6	Articles, 1935-1955
Box   1 Folder   7-10	Association of Maternal and Child Health Directors, 1945-1955
Box   1 Folder   11-13	Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, 1948-1968
Box   1 Folder   14	Baraboo Project, 1955-1959
	Blindness
Box   1 Folder   15-16	General, 1945-1954, 1969
Box   1 Folder   17-18	Prophylasis Study, 1954-1959
Box   1 Folder   19	Retrolental Fibroplasia, 1950-1965
Box   1 Folder   20	Brucellosis Study, 1949-1951
Box   1 Folder   21	Burnham, Elaine, Reports (Child Behavior Consultant), 1974-1975
Box   1 Folder   22	Caesarian Section Data, 1936-1949
Box   1 Folder   23	Camps, 1941
Box   1 Folder   24	Cancer, 1948-1955
Box   1 Folder   25	Central Colony, undated
Box   1 Folder   26-27	Child Care Course Notes, 1934-1942, 1949-1952
Box   1 Folder   28	Child Guidance Program, 1959-1960
Box   1 Folder   29	Child Health Day, 1939-1953
Box   1 Folder   30	Children's Bureau, 1958-1964
Box   1 Folder   31	Children's Health Programs, 1931, undated
Box   1 Folder   32	Civil Defense, 1940-1958
Box   1 Folder   33	Clippings regarding State Workers, undated
Box   1 Folder   33A	Communicable Diseases, 1937
Box   1 Folder   34	Community Health Education Section, 1974-1975
Box   1 Folder   35	Community Health Service Staff Meetings, 1966-1971
Box   1 Folder   36-37	Community Welfare Council, 1951-1960
Box   2 Folder   1	Comprehensive Health Planning, 1967-1969
Box   2 Folder   2-3	Coordinated Health Services for School Age Children, 1973-1974
Box   2 Folder   4	Activities, 1973
Box   2 Folder   5	Correspondence, 1973
Box   2 Folder   6	Miscellany, 1973
Box   2 Folder   7	Objectives Definition, 1972-1973
	Proposal
Box   2 Folder   8	1973
Box   2 Folder   9	1974
Box   2 Folder   10	Nursing Role, 1973
Box   2 Folder   11	Proposal Development, 1973
Box   2 Folder   12	Record System, undated
Box   2 Folder   13	Vision Program, 1973
Box   2 Folder   14	Coordinated Information Center on Mental Retardation, 1970-1972
Box   2 Folder   15	Coordinated Information Center, 1968-1974
Box   2 Folder   16	Council for Home and Family, 1968-1976
Box   2 Folder   17	County Normal Schools, 1941-1952
Box   2 Folder   18	Crippled Children Plan, 1938-1939
Box   2 Folder   19	Dane County Morbidity Study, 1947-1949
Box   2 Folder   20-22	Day Care Standards, 1948-1960
Box   2 Folder   23-24	Dental Health, 1960-1969
Box   2 Folder   25	Dental Hygiene Seminar, 1962
Box   2 Folder   26	Dental Reports (Marquette), 1960-1965
Box   2 Folder   27	District Conferences, 1955-1962
Box   2 Folder   28	District Unit Programs, 1935-1938, undated
Box   2 Folder   29	Drug Abuse, 1968-1969
Box   2 Folder   30	Emergency Medical Identification (AMA), 1961-1962
Box   2 Folder   31	Expectant Parents (Porter file), 1964-1966
Box   2 Folder   32	Expectant Parents Workshops, 1960-1964
Box   2 Folder   33	Tapes, 1963
Box   2 Folder   34	Responsibility to the Dying Person and His Family, 1968
Box   2 Folder   35	Family and Community Health Studies, 1952
Box   2 Folder   36	Family Life Education Study, 1963-1966
Box   2 Folder   37	Family Living, 1950
	Family Planning
Box   2 Folder   38	1958-1969
Box   3 Folder   1-2	1962-1971
Box   3 Folder   3	Fibrinogen Survey, 1963-1967
Box   3 Folder   4	Films, 1965-1969
Box   3 Folder   5	Historical, 1930s-1959, 1972
Box   3 Folder   6	First Aid, 1960-1964
Box   3 Folder   7	Dental/Fluoride Reports, 1949-1959
Box   3 Folder   8	Forms, 1961-1963
Box   3 Folder   9	Form Letters and Outlines on School Health, undated
Box   3 Folder   10-11	Governor's Conference on Children, 1949-1959, 1965-1967
Box   3 Folder   12	Handicapped Children, Interdepartmental Committee on, 1965-1973
Box   3 Folder   12A	Harper File, 1932-1933
Box   3 Folder   13	Hasbrouck, Mrs. Gertrude S., 1922-1924
Box   3 Folder   14	Head Start, 1967-1969
Box   3 Folder   15	Great Lakes Region Tribal Council, 1966
Box   3 Folder   16	Health Education, 1966-1967
Box   3 Folder   17	Health Needs Questionnaire, 1973
Box   3 Folder   18	Health Policy Council (Maternal and Child Health Subcommittee), 1973
Box   3 Folder   19	Health Statistics, Bureau of, 1971
Box   3 Folder   20	Health Team Services, 1973
Box   3 Folder   21	Hospital Employee Health Program, 1961-1964
	Hospitals
Box   3 Folder   22	General, 1957-1970
Box   3 Folder   23	Grand Correspondence, 1948-1975
Box   4 Folder   14	“Old Filing,” 1953-1964
Box   3 Folder   24	Hyaline Membranes (Pulmonary), 1956
Box   3 Folder   25	Hypnosis, 1957
Box   3 Folder   26	Hunger Areas, 1968
Box   3 Folder   27	Identification of Infants, 1961-1964
Box   3 Folder   28-30	Incubators, 1940-1975
Box   3 Folder   31	Infant Hygiene Reports, 1939-1951
Box   3 Folder   32	In-Service Training, 1949
Box   3 Folder   33	Iodine Radiation, 1962-1966
Box   3 Folder   34	Juvenile Delinquency, 1963
Box   3 Folder   35	Knowledge and Skills Needed by Nurses (COHASSAC)
Box   3 Folder   35	Final Report, 1973
Box   3 Folder   36-37	Proposal, 1973
Box   3 Folder   38	General undated material
Box   3 Folder   39	Human Subjects, 1973
Box   3 Folder   40	Legislation and Civil Service, undated
	Legislation
Box   3 Folder   41	General, 1920-1959
Box   3 Folder   42	Jones-Cooper, 1929-1930
Box   3 Folder   43	Mental Health, 1957-1959
Box   3 Folder   44	Shepard-Towner Act, 1926, undated
Box   3 Folder   45-46	Local Health, 1951-1967
Box   3 Folder   47	Loose Material, 1950s
	McDonald, Dorothy, Narrative Reports
Box   3 Folder   48	1941-1942
Box   4 Folder   1-2	1940-1942
	Maternal and Child
Box   4 Folder   3	Activities Reports, 1932-1947
Box   4 Folder   4	Annual Reports, 1916-1941
Box   4 Folder   5	Miscellaneous Reports, 1940-1943
Box   4 Folder   6	Monthly Reports, 1930-1937
Box   4 Folder   7	Staff, 1953-1960
Box   4 Folder   8	Maternity Institute, 1969
	Maternity Hospital Rules Revision
Box   4 Folder   9-12	1949-1959
Box   4 Folder   16	1965-1966
Box   4 Folder   13	Maternal Mortality Institutes, 1959-1969
Box   4 Folder   15	Maternal Mortality Studies, 1917-1951
Box   4 Folder   17	Medical Student Presentations, 1950-1959
Box   4 Folder   18-19	Menominee Study, 1955-1956, 1964-1965
Box   4 Folder   20-22	Mental Health, 1941-1964
Box   4 Folder   23	Mental Health Advisory Committee, 1960-1965
Box   4 Folder   24	Mental Health Hearing, February 23, 1966
	Mental Health Planning
Box   4 Folder   25	General, 1959-1967
Box   4 Folder   26	State Agency Group, 1963-1965
Box   4 Folder   27	Mental Health Workshop, 1957
Box   4 Folder   28	Mental Patients, Nursing Follow-up, 1959-1965
	Mental Retardation
	General
Box   5 Folder   1	1955-1959
Box   5 Folder   3	1962-1964
Box   4 Folder   29	Demonstration Project, 1964
Box   5 Folder   2	Financial Correspondence, 1956-1963
Box   5 Folder   5-6	Interdisciplinary Committee on, 1956-1965
Box   5 Folder   7	Milwaukee, 1963
Box   5 Folder   8-9	Planning, 1963-1971
Box   5 Folder   10	Project (with University of Wisconsin), 1960-1963
Box   5 Folder   11	Project Reports, 1956-1965
Box   5 Folder   12-13	Rural Demonstration, 1965-1968
Box   5 Folder   4	Wisconsin programs, 1954-1965
Box   5 Folder   14-15	Middle States Public Health Association, 1950-1964
Box   5 Folder   16	Midwest Environmental Health Study (Dr. Samuels), 1963
	Midwifery
Box   5 Folder   17	General, 1964-1967
Box   5 Folder   18	Lists, 1930s-1940s
	Migrant Workers
Box   5 Folder   19-20	General, 1951-1961
Box   5 Folder   21	Pregnancy Data-Door County, 1959-1960
Box   5 Folder   22	Racine, 1954-1959
Box   5 Folder   23	Referral Project, 1958-1959
Box   5 Folder   24	Referral-Data Sheets, 1958
Box   5 Folder   25	Miscellany, 1930s
Box   5 Folder   26	Mortality Rates, 1952-1965
Box   5 Folder   27	Mr. Yuk Poison Program, 1974-1978
Box   5 Folder   28	Multiphasic Screening-Milwaukee, 1968
Box   5 Folder   29	Native Americans, 1962-1965
Box   5 Folder   30	Native American Child Life Institute, 1962
Box   5 Folder   31	Natural Childbirth, 1950-1959
Box   5 Folder   32	Neonatal Institutes, 1959-1970
Box   5 Folder   33	Neonatal Mortality Study, 1956-1959
Box   5 Folder   34-35	Folder numbers not used
	Newborn Care
Box   5 Folder   36	General, 1965-1969
Box   5 Folder   37	Conferences, 1961, 1964
Box   5 Folder   38	Institute, 1969
Box   5 Folder   39	Nursing Approach to Child Health (COHSSAC), 1973
Box   5 Folder   40	Nursing Consultants, 1945-1961
Box   5 Folder   41	Nursing Homes, 1950-1974
Box   6 Folder   1	Nursing Problems, 1940-1965
	Nursing Schools
Box   6 Folder   2	Data, 1942-1944
Box   6 Folder   3	Project, 1959-1961
	Nutrition
Box   6 Folder   4	General, 1969
Box   6 Folder   5	Conference regarding Drought Area, 1936
Box   6 Folder   6	Nutrition Packet, 1946
Box   6 Folder   7	Obstetrics, 1960-1969
Box   6 Folder   8	OEO Project, 1970
Box   6 Folder   9	PKU, 1963-1970
Box   6 Folder   10	Parent Education Classes, 1950-1959
Box   6 Folder   11	Parent Education for Nurses, 1962
Box   6 Folder   12	Pediatric Nursing Institute, 1969
Box   6 Folder   13	Pediatrics, 1965-1969
Box   6 Folder   14	Perinatal Project (WRMP), 1969-1970
Box   6 Folder   15	Physicians Information, 1938-1942
PH Series 2708	Photographs
Series 2708	Planned Parenthood
Box   6 Folder   16	General, 1950s
Box   6 Folder   17	Milwaukee, 1967-1971
Box   6 Folder   18	Police Training for Emergency Delivery, 1955-1957
Box   6 Folder   19	Poison Control Committee, 1958-1965
Box   6 Folder   20	Polio Vaccine Advisory Committee, 1962-1963
Box   6 Folder   21	Population Studies, 1941-1942
Box   6 Folder   30	Post Graduate-Course Outlines, 1936, 1939
Box   6 Folder   22-28	Post-Graduate Program, 1936-1964
Box   6 Folder   29	Parent Teacher Association, 1957-1964
Box   6 Folder   31-32	Premature Births, 1945-1954
Box   6 Folder   33-34	Premature Birth Institutes, 1948-1957, 1961-1962
	Premature Nursing Program
Box   6 Folder   35	Children's Bureau, 1945-1948
Box   6 Folder   36	St. Joseph's, 1945-1948
Box   6 Folder   38	St. Mary's, 1949-1953
Box   6 Folder   37	Prenatal Letter Service, 1952-1978
Box   7 Folder   1	Program Expansion, 1935-1937
Box   7 Folder   2-3	Program of Projects, 1973-1974
Box   7 Folder   4	Project Inform, 1973-1974
Box   7 Folder   5	Public Health-General, 1929, 1946-1947
Box   7 Folder   6	Public Health Nursing Activities, 1969
	Radio Talks
Box   7 Folder   7-10	General, 1920s-1940s
Box   7 Folder   11	PTA, 1941
Box   7 Folder   12	Records and Systems Analysis Committee, 1961-1962
Box   7 Folder   13	Reorganization, 1966
Box   7 Folder   14	Reports-Miscellaneous, undated
Box   7 Folder   15-16	Research, 1950, 1960, undated
Box   7 Folder   17	Rh Factor, 1947-1957
Box   7 Folder   18	RhoGam (Hospitals), 1969-1971
Box   7 Folder   19	Rural Health Education, 1950-1955
Box   7 Folder   20	Safety, 1959-1969
Box   7 Folder   21	Salaries, 1948-1959
Box   7 Folder   22	School Age Health Cooperative Project, 1961-1965
Box   7 Folder   23-24	School Health, 1955, 1970-1973
Box   7 Folder   25	School Health Aides, 1970-1973
	School Health
Box   7 Folder   26	Conference on, 1954-1965
Box   7 Folder   27	Division of, 1960-1963
Box   7 Folder   31	Education, 1967-1976
Box   7 Folder   32	General, 1955-1960, undated
Box   7 Folder   33	Planning, 1945
Box   7 Folder   34	Interdepartmental Committee on, 1958-1962
Box   7 Folder   35	Program, 1941-1964
Box   7 Folder   36	School Nursing, 1954-1960
Box   7 Folder   37	Selective Service Rejectee Referral Program, 1964
Box   7 Folder   38	Service to Schools-Hinickle, 1972-1973
Box   7 Folder   39	Sex Education, 1943-1961
Box   7 Folder   40	Staph Infections, 1958-1959
Box   8 Folder   1	State Laboratory of Hygiene Proposals, 1960-1965
	State Medical Society
Box   8 Folder   2-3	General, 1946-1960, 1965-1969
Box   8 Folder   4	Commission on State Departments, 1960-1964
Box   8 Folder   5-7	Maternal and Child Welfare Committee, 1938-1959
Box   8 Folder   8-12	Maternal Mortality Study Committee, 1949-1969
Box   8 Folder   13	Maternal Mortality Teaching Program, 1964
Box   8 Folder   14	Miscellany, 1930s-1940s
Box   8 Folder   15-17	Neonatal Study, 1954-1957
Box   8 Folder   18	Newborn Facilities Study, 1966
Box   8 Folder   19	Nurse Responsibility Committee, 1965-1970
Box   8 Folder   20	Prenatal Study, 1967
Box   8 Folder   21	School Health Booklet, 1963
Box   8 Folder   22-23	School Health Committee. Division, 1949-1961
Box   8 Folder   24	State Sanitorium Reports, 1930s-1950s
	State School Health Council
Box   7 Folder   28	Correspondence, 1960-1969
Box   7 Folder   29-30	Minutes, 1960-1969
	Statistics
Box   8 Folder   25-30	1930s-1954
Box   9 Folder   45-55	1930s-1950s
Box   9 Folder   1	1955-1959
Box   9 Folder   2	Local (Milwaukee), 1950-1959
Box   9 Folder   3-4	Local, 1940s-1960
Box   9 Folder   5	Wisconsin, 1960s
Box   9 Folder   6	Sterilization, 1968-1970
Box   9 Folder   7	Survey of Positions in Maternal and Child Health, 1962
Box   9 Folder   8-10	Talks, 1930s-1960s, undated
Box   9 Folder   11	Tape Recordings, 1960
Box   9 Folder   12	Telephone Tape Project, 1974-1975
Box   9 Folder   13	Television Project, 1957
Box   9 Folder   14	Treatment Center, Committee for, 1957
Box   9 Folder   15	U.S. Public Health Service Reports, 1945-1950
Box   9 Folder   16	Veterans, 1943-1947
	Vision
Box   9 Folder   17	Screening Program, 1950-1971
Box   9 Folder   18	Survey, 1950-1952
Box   9 Folder   19	Visual Aids Demonstration, 1936-1951
Box   9 Folder   20	Vital Statistics Bureau, 1965
Box   9 Folder   21	Vitamins, 1940-1951
Box   9 Folder   22	Vitae, 1970s
Box   9 Folder   23-26	White House Conferences, 1949-1959
Box   9 Folder   27	Wisconsin Academy of Pediatrics, 1948, 1954
Box   9 Folder   28	Wisconsin Association for Mental Health, 1960-1965
Box   9 Folder   29	Wisconsin Association for Retarded Children, 1964-1968
Box   9 Folder   30	Wisconsin Association of Psychiatric Clinics, 1957
Box   9 Folder   31-33	Wisconsin Committee on Children and Youth, 1948-1959, 1971
Box   9 Folder   34-35	Wisconsin Cooperative School Health Program, 1940s
Box   9 Folder   36	Wisconsin Heart Association-Community Service and Education Committee, 1964-1965
Box   9 Folder   37	Wisconsin in History, 1947, 1961
Box   9 Folder   38	Wisconsin Welfare Council, 1967-1972
Box   9 Folder   39	Wisconsin Public Health Association, 1951-1979
Box   9 Folder   40	Wisconsin Public Health Council, 1948-1964
Box   9 Folder   41	Wisconsin Society for Public Health Physicians, 1953-1974
Box   9 Folder   42	Women's Organizations, 1942-1946
Box   9 Folder   43	Youth Fitness, Committee on, 1957-1958
Box   9 Folder   44	Youth Services, Division of, 1948-1949
1977/162	Part 2 (1977/162): Additions, 1937-1977 Physical Description: 2.8 c.f. (2 record center cartons and 2 archives boxes)  Scope and Content Note: Subject files, 1937-1977, of the Bureau of Child and Maternal Health. The subject files prior to 1960 are particularly detailed in topics related to the health, care of children, and the use of anesthesia in children and during labor and delivery. A number of conferences and Governor's committees on children, education, and child development topics are also included.	⇧
	Subject files prior to 1960, 1939-1960
Box   1 Folder   1	Adolescence, 1937-1956
Box   1 Folder   2	Alcoholism and drug addiction
Box   1 Folder   3	American Public Health Association
Box   1 Folder   4	Anatomy
Box   1 Folder   5	Anesthesia
Box   1 Folder   6	Anesthesia questionnaire
Box   1 Folder   7	Anesthesia and analgesia
Box   1 Folder   8	Articles, 1956-1960
Box   1 Folder   9	Blood
	Child care
Box   1 Folder   10	Babysitting
Box   1 Folder   11	Feeding
Box   1 Folder   12	General
Box   1 Folder   13	Newborn
Box   1 Folder   14	Play and playthings
Box   1 Folder   15	Sick or handicapped children
Box   1 Folder   16	Child development
Box   1 Folder   17	Child health centers
Box   1 Folder   18	Child health day
Box   1 Folder   28	Community organization and group leadership
Box   2 Folder   1	Diaper service standards
Box   2 Folder   2	Cancer
Box   2 Folder   3	Cancer program kit
Box   2 Folder   4	Communicable disease control
Box   2 Folder   5	Cystic fibrosis
Box   2 Folder   6	Immunization
Box   2 Folder   7	Flu (Asiatic)
Box   2 Folder   8	Special study, ECHO-9 virus, 1957
Box   2 Folder   9	Polio
Box   2 Folder   10	Rheumatic fever
Box   2 Folder   11-12	Dental health
Box   2 Folder   13	Employment, mothers and children
Box   2 Folder   14	Family living
Box   2 Folder   15	Feet
Box   2 Folder   16	First aid
Box   2 Folder   17	Hearing
Box   2 Folder   18	Health committee
Box   1 Folder   19	Subcommittee for review of rules and standards relating to child welfare institutions
Box   1 Folder   20	Rule revision, 1961
Box   1 Folder   21	Proposed rules, 1962
Box   1 Folder   22	Final rule, 1962
Box   1 Folder   23	Alcoholism, 1965-1966
Box   1 Folder   24	Committees, miscellaneous
Box   1 Folder   25	Teaching resources project in health education, 1963-1965
Box   1 Folder   26	Governor's traffic safety coordinating committee, 1963
Box   1 Folder   27	Midwest Environmental Health study, 1963
Box   2 Folder   19	Conferences on Children and Youth, 1951
Box   2 Folder   20	Governor's Commission on Human Rights, 1955-1959
Box   2 Folder   21	Health records, family
Box   2 Folder   22	Epidemiology
Box   2 Folder   23-24	State Advisory Committee on Early Childhood Education, 1969-1972
Box   2 Folder   25	Governor's Commission on the Status of Women, 1969
Box   2 Folder   26	Wisconsin Public Health Association legislative committee, 1969-1973
Box   2 Folder   27	Health Curriculum Advisory Committee, 1967-1970
Box   2 Folder   28-30	Child Labor Advisory Board
Box   3 Folder   1	Governor's Advocacy Committee on Children and Youth, 1974-1975
Box   3 Folder   2	Governor's Committee on Children and Youth and State Agency Advisory Committee, 1969-1971
Box   3 Folder   3-4	Wisconsin Panel on Early Childhood Programs, 1967-1971
Box   3 Folder   5	Public Health Nurse's role in pupil services
Box   4 Folder   1-2	State Daycare Advisory Committee, 1964-1977
Box   4 Folder   3-4	State Policy Advisory Committee on Education Programs for the Disadvantaged, 1969