Title: Tere Rios Versace Papers
Inclusive Dates: 1941-1977

Creator:

• Versace, Tere Rios, 1917-1999

Call Number: Mss 268; Micro 823; Audio 516A; DC 724-725

Quantity: 3.0 cubic feet (7 archives boxes), 1 reel of microfilm (35 mm), 24 audio recordings, 2 film reels
Repository:

Wisconsin Historical Society, Division of Library, Archives, and Museum Collections

Archival Locations:

Wisconsin Historical Society (Map)

COLLECTION MAY BE STORED OFF-SITE: see catalog entry to request materials and for additional information.

Abstract:

Papers of Tere Versace, a free-lance writer who became active in the POW/MIA controversy of the Vietnam War era when her son Humbert Roque "Rocky" Versace was captured and executed by the Viet Cong. The collection includes correspondence, biographical material, clippings, writings, tape recordings, a film, and groups of personal papers of Rocky Versace and of Sister Mary Aquinas, the "flying nun," about whom Mrs. Versace planned to write a biography.

Note:

There is a restriction on use of this material; see the Administrative/Restriction Information portion of this finding aid for details.

Language: English French Vietnamese

URL to cite for this finding aid: https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-whs-mss00268

Marie Teresa Rios Versace was born November 9, 1917, in Brooklyn, New York. Using the pen name Tere Rios, she wrote numerous short stories and novels, such as An Angel Grows Up (1957), Brother Angel (1963); and The Fifteenth Pelican (1965), which was better known as The Flying Nun and upon which the television series of the same name was based. In 1936 she married Humbert Versace, a graduate of West Point who retired from the service in 1963 as a full colonel. The Versaces had five children: Humbert Roque (Rocky), Stephen Vincent, Richard Patrick, John Michael, and Teresa Dominique.

Their oldest child, Rocky, graduated from West Point in June 1959. During the course of duty as a military advisor in South Vietnam in October 1963 he was captured by the Viet Cong. Rocky's capture changed the course of life for the entire Versace family, and for the next ten years they strove fruitlessly first for his return and then for some definite information about his status.

In 1965 the Viet Cong announced that they had executed Rocky, but the family refused to accept this statement. Unexpected obstruction of their investigative efforts by the American government gradually eroded their faith in the U.S. government and influenced Tere Versace to write several fiction and non-fiction accounts of the POW problem, none of which were ever published. In addition, she continued to pursue other writing projects during the 1960s, including uncompleted biographies of Father Bartholomew Kestell, a Capuchin missionary working in the Near East, and of Sister Mary Aquinas, a Green Bay, Wisconsin, science teacher better known as the "flying nun." During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Mrs. Versace also became an active member of the National League of Families of American Prisoners and Missing in Southeast Asia.

After a prolonged illness aggravated by the loss of his son, Colonel Versace died in the early 1970s. Then, in 1973, Mrs. Versace's long wait for definite word about Rocky finally ended when the Defense Department confirmed that his execution by the Viet Cong had taken place in 1965, an apparent reprisal for the execution of some Viet Cong. Following that, Mrs. Versace worked for Off Duty Magazine in [West] Germany and was a free-lance writer based in Black Earth, Wisconsin. Rios Versace returned to Puerto Rico in 1990. In 1999, she was diagnosed with lung cancer. Marie Teresa Rios Versace died on October 17, 1999.

The papers primarily cover the years 1962-1973 and include correspondence, biographical material, clippings, writings, audio recordings, a film, and personal papers of Rocky Versace and Sister Mary Aquinas. Although half of the collection deals with Mrs. Versace's literary career, a student of the Vietnam War era will find this portion of the collection of considerable interest for the Versace family experiences form the subject for several of her literary works. The 1966 draft of "Embroglio" and the diary-like "Rocky's Book" are particularly informative, providing much information that is missing from the general correspondence. The collection is organized in two main categories: Rocky Versace's Papers, and Tere Rios Versace's Papers.

Rocky Versace's papers include biographical material and memorabilia documenting his education and service record, correspondence from individuals other than family members (primarily concerning his desire to become a Catholic missionary), military training material, and Vietnam memoranda and briefing books.

Tere Rios Versace's Papers contain biographical material (some available on microfilm), correspondence, writings, and research material on Sister Mary Aquinas and the POW situation. The general correspondence includes letters to and from family members, friends, sympathizers, publishers, military personnel, and government officials. Prominent and frequent correspondents include Harold K. Johnson, Lyndon B. Johnson, Robert Kastenmeier, William Proxmire, and Norodom Sihanouk. These exchanges concern Rocky's capture, family matters, and book publishing negotiations. Also grouped with the family correspondence are cassette recordings exchanged with Rocky while he was in Vietnam.

Writings include the aforementioned works about Rocky's capture, as well as "Some Years Are Longer Than Others," a more general discussion of the POW problem. Many of these works are present in more than one draft, although some of the drafts are very incomplete. Unfortunately, Mrs. Versace's best known work of fiction, The Flying Nun, is not well documented, although there is one draft version and a draft of the television pilot which was not written by Mrs. Versace.

Following the writings are research material and clippings gathered for use on her writing about POWs (available on microfilm) and the personal papers of Sister Mary Aquinas, which were given to Mrs. Versace for use in writing the Sister's biography. The latter includes four undated tape recordings and transcripts, biographical sketches and four chapters of an unidentified biography, a film of a 1956 Studio One program based on her life, general correspondence annotated by Sister Aquinas, microfilmed clippings, and junior high school textbooks on science, civics, and religion written by the Sister. The correspondence deals with science teaching techniques, aviation, and speaking engagements. There is also fan mail and exchanges with Sister Thomas More, a Franciscan nun, who also attempted to write Sister Aquinas' biography. Some letters from Colonel Barney Oldfield may also be noted.

Miscellany includes notes relating to Mrs. Versace's teaching at the Rhinelander School of the Arts, a transcript of an interview with Father Bartholomew Kestell (tape not in the collection), and a speech by James N. Rowe, who was captured with Rocky Versace.

Use Restrictions

Tere Versace and her children retain all literary rights.

Acquisition Information

Presented by Tere Rios Versace, Black Earth, Wisconsin, and Sister Mary Aquinas, Manitowoc, Wisconsin, 1973-1977. Accession Number: M73-97, M73-98, M73-109, M73-110, M73-111, M74-39, M74-89, M74-285, M74-286, M74-363, M74-381, M74-570, M75-479, M77-255, M77-356, M77-507

Processing Information

Processed by Michael Kohl, January 1974, and Carolyn J. Mattern, June 1980.

Mss 268	Series: Rocky Versace Papers
Box   1   Folder   1	Biographical material and memorabilia, 1951-1963
Box   1   Folder   2	General correspondence, 1955-1963
Box   1   Folder   3	Training material, 1960-1962
Box   1   Folder   4-5	Vietnam Notebooks, 1962-1963
Box   1   Folder   6	Commemorations, undated
	Series: Tere Rios Versace Papers	⇧
Box   1   Folder   7	Subseries: Biographical material, 1962-1969
Micro 823 Reel   1   Frame   1	Tere Versace and Versace family biographical clippings, 1963-1977
Mss 268	Subseries: General correspondence	⇧
Box   1   Folder   8-10	1946-1964
Box   2   Folder   1-5	1965-1977
Box   2   Folder   6	family correspondence, Undated
	Versace family tapes
516A/1	1962 August 1 Scope and Content Note: Rocky describes his trip from Maryland to Vietnam and the situation there.
516A/2	1962 August 10 Scope and Content Note: Rocky discusses the situation in Vietnam.
516A/3	1962 August Scope and Content Note: Rocky speaks of his day-to-day activities and his assessment of the war.
516A/4	1962 September 25 Scope and Content Note: Rocky and other members of his intelligence advisory unit talk about their life in Vietnam.
516A/5	1962 October 9 & 16 Scope and Content Note: Rocky discusses day-to-day life in camp.
516A/6	1962 October 2 Scope and Content Note: Rocky's views about Vietnam, the American press, and camp life; also, a Sergeant Campana speaks of a trip to Saigon.
516A/7	1962 November Scope and Content Note: Rocky discusses his situation and problems in Vietnam.
516A/8	1962 December Scope and Content Note: Rocky discusses conditions in Vietnam, morale, and family matters.
516A/9	1963 June 13 Scope and Content Note: Rocky and other members of his outpost converse in French and Vietnamese then speak in English about their day-to-day life.
516A/10	1962 July (1963?) Scope and Content Note: Michael, Tracy, Humbert, and Tere Versace, a Catholic priest, and Chi-Chi Skelly discuss news from home. [Missing, December 2010]
516A/11-12	[Missing, January 2011]
516A/13	Major James N. Rowe: "My Five Years with the Viet Cong." Address to the Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation, Twin Circle Conference, St. Louis, Missouri 1970 March 7 Scope and Content Note: Speech on his experiences as a POW with Rocky Versace; indoctrination attempts by Viet Cong; everyday resistance by POW; death of Versace; escape of Rowe and return home.
516A/14	Interview of Tere Rios Versace, Black Earth, Wisconsin 1974 July 10 Scope and Content Note: Mrs. Versace tells of her attempts to learn the fate of Rocky Versace after his disappearance in Vietnam in 1963; interactions with the government; other POW recovery groups. Difficulties in the family.
516A/15	Interview of Tere Rios Versace, Black Earth, Wisconsin, (continued) 1974 July 10 Scope and Content Note: Mrs. Versace continues interview, talks of Rocky's initial status as "detained against his will" vs. POW and how it minimized the responsibility of the government to rescue him. Threats to Versace family by government for their outspokenness in learning the truth. Discussion of Rocky's co-captives, James Rowe and Daniel Pitzer and their avoidance of the Versace family upon return.
516A/20-24	[Analog copies of 516A/1-9. Digitized in 2010.]
Mss 268	Subseries: Writings	⇧
Box   3   Folder   1	And Now the Stars, translated by Tere Versace undated
	Brother Angel
Box   3   Folder   2-3	Draft, undated
Box   3   Folder   4	Printed copy, 1963
	"Embroglio"
Box   3   Folder   5	Outlines, 1965, 1966
	version, 1966
Box   3   Folder   6	Pages 1-99
Box   4   Folder   1-2	Pages 100-320
Box   4   Folder   3	version, pages 1-99 1969
Box   4   Folder   4	version, pages 73-75 1971
	Flying Nun
Box   4   Folder   5	Draft, undated
Box   4   Folder   6	Printed copy, 1965
Box   4   Folder   7	Miscellany, undated
Box   4   Folder   8	TV pilot by Bernard Slade, second draft 1966 August 18
Box   4   Folder   9-10	"Killer's Castle", undated
Box   4   Folder   11	"No Tears for Guido," synopsis for novel
	POW novel
Box   4   Folder   12	pages 2-10 (Pixie and Peter Ramstein), Undated
	"Free Country"
Box   5   Folder   1	version, pages 9-406 incomplete (Elena & Jake) 1967-1968
Box   5   Folder   2	version, miscellaneous pages (Elena & Jake) 1968-1969
Box   5   Folder   3	version, pages 2-120 incomplete (Elena & Jake) 1969
	"Rest Assured"
Box   5   Folder   4	version, pages 1-35 (Maria & Albert Joseph) 1970
Box   5   Folder   5	version, pages 1-10 (Maria & Albert Joseph) 1971
Box   5   Folder   6	Puerto Rico book, research notes undated
	"Rocky's Book"
Box   5   Folder   7	Draft, with introduction 1964, 1969
Box   5   Folder   8	Miscellaneous unused pages
Box   5   Folder   9	Captain Guild pages
	"Some Years Are Longer Than Others"
Box   5   Folder   10	version, outline 1971
	Early version
Box   5   Folder   11	Pages 2-94 incomplete
Box   5   Folder   12	Pages 2-5
Box   5   Folder   13	"Rest Assured," draft, pages 1-132 incomplete 1972
Box   5   Folder   14	Final version, pages 1-132 incomplete undated
Box   5   Folder   15	Newspaper articles, 1971-1974
Box   5   Folder   16	Short stories and articles, undated
Box   5   Folder   17	Miscellaneous writings, 1966, undated
	Subseries: Sister Mary Aquinas research material	⇧
Box   6   Folder   1	Biographical material, 1959, undated
	Taped autobiographical reminiscences Scope and Content Note: Autobiographical reminiscences of Aquinas, from childhood to circa 1960. Growing up, education, teaching, service in convents, travel across United States.
516A/16	Track 1; Track 2, 1914-1935, 1930-1942
516A/17	Track 3; Track 4, 1894-1910, 1870s, 1910-1915
516A/18	Track 5; Track 6, 1941-1944, 1930s-1950s
516A/19	Track 7, 1944-1946
Mss 268 Box   6   Folder   2-9	Transcripts of autobiographical reminiscences
DC 724-725	Studio One: "The Pilot"/CBS-TV, 1956 Physical Description: 16 mm, black and white, 60 minutes  Scope and Content Note: A romanticized version of the life of Sister Mary Aquinas, O.S.F., "The Flying Nun," which traces her career, 1930-1956. The film concentrates on her efforts to "serve the need of the times" and to "keep one step ahead" of the inquiring minds of her students. This leads her to study aeronautics and get a pilot's license before World War II. She helps to establish over 500 aviation clubs in the U.S. and trains adults for government service for the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) during the war. Sister Aquinas appears in person at the end of the film and makes a plea for additional funds for better training of science education teachers. Note Includes commercial for Westinghouse washing machines and preview of "Meet the Landlady's Daughter." This film is also listed in the "Studio One" Films finding aid on this website.
Mss 268 Box   6   Folder   10-12	General correspondence, 1941-1969
	Textbooks
Box   6   Folder   13-14	1953-1955
Box   7   Folder   1-4	1955-1966
Micro 823 Reel   1   Frame   168	Clippings, 1943-1968
	Subseries: POW research material	⇧
Reel   1   Frame   356	Clippings, 1962-1973
Mss 268 Box   7   Folder   5	House Committee Hearing on POWs, 1971
Box   7   Folder   6	Miscellaneous commemorations, 1965, 1971
	Subseries: Miscellaneous	⇧
Box   7   Folder   7	General, 1964-1972
Box   7   Folder   8	Notes regarding Rhinelander School of the Arts and other writing courses, undated
Box   7   Folder   9	Miscellany regarding other Versace family members
Box   7   Folder   10	Interview with Father Bartholomew Kestell, undated
Box   7   Folder   11	"My Five Years with the Viet Cong," transcript of speech by Major James N. Rowe 1970 March 7
Audio 516A	Series: Audio Recordings	⇧
Audio   516A/1	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 August 1 Scope and Content Note: Versace describes his trip from Maryland, which he visited after taking 14 days leave from Vietnam. He mentions meeting some friends, Rob and Betty, in Norfolk, Virginia, and hopping on military transports to make his way west across America and back to Saigon. He then describes the deteriorating political situation in South Vietnam, where martial law had been declared the year before. He states that he needs escorts to travel due to the threat of the Viet Cong and mentions that reports of Buddhists' persecution is overwrought and are being made for political purposes.
Audio   516A/2	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 August 10 Scope and Content Note: Versace describes a recent trip to Saigon to visit with the family of his Vietnamese commander, noting inconveniences in everyday life that make living in Vietnam difficult. His recording ends as the generator he is using begins to fail. He then signs on again to express appreciation for the letters he receives from family and friends. The same night he records a third part of the message, discussing province chiefs, speaking French, and learning Vietnamese.
Audio   516A/3	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 August Scope and Content Note: Versace speaks of preparing reports and states that he's come up with a way to deal with the Viet Cong and hopes that he can convince the military to change tactics. He also speaks of an ambush that killed his friend, Bill, and receiving a new Vietnamese commanding officer.
Audio   516A/4	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 September 25 Scope and Content Note: Versace and other members of his intelligence advisory unit talk about their life in Vietnam. He describes some of the work he has been doing and then invites his American commanding officer to greet his parents. Sergeant Campana is also introduced before the end of the first segment. When the recording begins again, Versace introduces Captain Sheffield, who jokes some and states that he and the Versace family lived in the same town in 1945. Sergeant Compton is then introduced.
Audio   516A/5	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 October 6 Scope and Content Note: Versace begins by joking with Sergeant Campana and speaks of the things going on with himself and others in the camp. He mentions going to Saigon to purchase his parents a gift for their 26th anniversary and then Sergeants Campana and Compton express their congratulations to Versace's parents. A new segment then begins where Versace and Sargent Campana describe recent events in their lives.
Audio   516A/5 (continued)	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 October 16 Scope and Content Note: Versace discusses his life since the last recording. Mr. Chung, the cook, and Mr. Laong then speak to the Versaces in Vietnamese, with Versace translating. This segment then ends and another begins with Versace and Sergeant Campana joking about Campana's relative inability to speak Vietnamese.
Audio   516A/6	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 October 2 Scope and Content Note: Versace begins by stating that he has been in Vietnam for five months and speaks about a dinner he had with Sergeant Campana and Captain Han's daughter. He also speaks on daily life, the horrible burns incurred by a fellow soldier, workplace difference with Sergeant Compton, and that he is considering extending his tour. On side 2, Versace begins by asking what Mike would want for his birthday, resolving problems with his boss, and how the media isn't covering events in Vietnam truthfully. Sergeant Campana then speaks about going to a movie and notes that the film had to be changed because the Viet Cong disapproved of it. He then talks of Versace and himself enjoying themselves in Saigon.
Audio   516A/7	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 November Scope and Content Note: Versace describes his living situation in Bien Hoa, which he describes as "prison-like." He also expresses pride in his improving French and Vietnamese language skills. Versace then notes that he is reading Carl Sandburg's "Lincoln," and wishes his family a happy Thanksgiving. The beginning of this recording seems to be from Rocky's parents, who seem to have accidently left the recorder on while arguing.
Audio   516A/8	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1962 December 20 Scope and Content Note: Versace wishes his family a merry Christmas, states that many of his co-workers were sent out on a mission, and that he's supervising the training of a reconnaissance company. On the second side of the tape, Versace sings a Vietnamese love song he has been learning and then talks about maybe holding a Christmas party for the local soldiers' children. He states that he is trying to extend his term of service and then speaks some more about Christmas before signing off.
Audio   516A/9	Correspondence from Rocky Versace to his family, 1963 June 13 Scope and Content Note: Lieutenant Yang begins by speaking in French, stating that he has known Versace for four months and that they are good friends. Yang then speaks of his family and announces that it's Vietnam's Independence Day before beginning to speak in Vietnamese. Versace then speaks of the beauty of the Vietnamese language. A fellow soldier then begins playing the guitar before Sergeant Campana begins to speak about wanting be stationed closer to Saigon, but the recording his heavily inconsistent here, making his words difficult to understand.
Audio   516A/10	Correspondence from the Versace family to Rocky [missing], 1963? July Scope and Content Note: Michael, Tracy, Humbert, and Tere Versace, a Catholic priest, and Chi-Chi Skelly discuss news from home.
Audio   516A/11	Versace family tapes [missing]
Audio   516A/12	Versace family tapes [missing]
Audio   516A/13	Major James N. Rowe, "My Five Years with the Viet Cong" 1970 March 7 Scope and Content Note: In an address to the Cardinal Mindszenty Foundation at the Twin Circle Conference held in St. Louis, Missouri, Rowe discusses his experiences as a prisoner of war (POW). He discusses at length the role of propaganda within North Vietnamese recruiting efforts and in the treatment of POWs, their interrogation techniques, and small acts of resistance carried out by the prisoners. He also speaks of being in a punishment camp with Rocky Versace when Versace was killed. On the second side of the tape, he speaks of the humanity of average Vietnamese citizens and the issues of faith in Vietnam. Rowe then returns to discussing the final days of Versace, stating that he held strong due to his religious convictions. Rowe then describes using the chaos caused by an American bombing mission over his POW camp to flee with a guard. He explains how he eventually killed the guard and signaled an American helicopter to escape. He concludes his speech by stating his shock at returning to the United States (after being in a POW camp from 1963 to 1969) and seeing the counter-culture and widespread anti-war sentiments.
Audio   516A/14	Interview of Tere Rios Versace, 1974 July 10 Scope and Content Note: Versace was interviewed by Sarah Cooper and Michael Kohl in her home in Black Earth, Wisconsin. Versace speaks of her son, Rocky, and the many prisoner of war (POW) return groups, stating that many of them were only posturing for political purposes. She discusses joining an association with other POW families, lobbying the Pentagon and the Red Cross, and Averill Harriman's efforts in North Vietnam and Cambodia. Versace recounts an event where she prevented her telephone from being bugged, the government's control of POW family organizations, threats by the government against her husband's military career, and her friends and family believing she had become "hysterical." She also speaks of the family moving to Madison, Wisconsin, and her attempts to maintain a normal lives for the rest of her children while continuing to determine the fate of Rocky.
Audio   516A/15	Interview of Tere Rios Versace, 1974 July 10 Scope and Content Note: Versace was interviewed by Sarah Cooper and Michael Kohl in her home in Black Earth, Wisconsin. Versace talks of Rocky's initial status as "detained against his will," as opposed to "prisoner of war" (POW), and how it minimized the government's responsibility to rescue him. It was only after Rocky's execution that the government changed his status to POW. She also states that her husband, while recovering from a stroke, was threatened with a court-martial and loss of retirement if the family didn't stop speaking up. There is then discussion of Rocky's co-captives, James Rowe and Daniel Pitzer, and their avoidance of the Versace family upon their release. The interview then concludes with Versace commenting how she was working on a manuscript concerning POWs when all her luggage was lost on a trip, making her think that the government was still watching her actions.
Audio   516A/16	Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas Scope and Content Note: Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas (also known as "The Flying Nun") recorded to aid in the creation of a film about her life. On this tape, Sister Mary Aquinas comments on her home-life in a working-class German-American family from the 1890s through the 1910s. She also discusses her life as a Roman Catholic nun, methods for teaching science, and her own theories of education.
Audio   516A/17	Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas Scope and Content Note: Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas (also known as "The Flying Nun") recorded to aid in the creation of a film about her life. On this tape, Sister Mary Aquinas discusses the 1870s thorough 1915, commenting on her early days teaching and taking her final vows.
Audio   516A/18	Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas Scope and Content Note: Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas (also known as "The Flying Nun") recorded to aid in the creation of a film about her life. On this tape, Sister Mary Aquinas discusses the 1930s thorough 1950s.
Audio   516A/19	Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas Scope and Content Note: Autobiographical reminiscences of Sister Mary Aquinas (also known as "The Flying Nun") recorded to aid in the creation of a film about her life. On this tape, Sister Mary Aquinas discusses the 1944 through 1946, when she was working in Washington, District of Columbia. She also speaks on 1946 through 1957, when she was working in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Audio   516A/20	Analogue copies of Audio 516A/1, 3-4 Scope and Content Note: Digitized in 2010, these are the original tapes dubbed by the Wisconsin Historical Society. They were of poor quality, re-done, and re-numbered as Audio 516A/20-24. They have been maintained for conservation purposes only.
Audio   516A/21	Analogue copies of Audio 516A/5, 6 (side 1) Scope and Content Note: Digitized in 2010, these are the original tapes dubbed by the Wisconsin Historical Society. They were of poor quality, re-done, and re-numbered as Audio 516A/20-24. They have been maintained for conservation purposes only.
Audio   516A/22	Analogue copies of Audio 516A/6 (side 2), 7, 8 (side 1) Scope and Content Note: Digitized in 2010, these are the original tapes dubbed by the Wisconsin Historical Society. They were of poor quality, re-done, and re-numbered as Audio 516A/20-24. They have been maintained for conservation purposes only.
Audio   516A/23	Analogue copies of Audio 516A/7, 9 Scope and Content Note: Digitized in 2010, these are the original tapes dubbed by the Wisconsin Historical Society. They were of poor quality, re-done, and re-numbered as Audio 516A/20-24. They have been maintained for conservation purposes only.
Audio   516A/24	Analogue copies of Audio 516A/8 (side 2), 9 Scope and Content Note: Digitized in 2010, these are the original tapes dubbed by the Wisconsin Historical Society. They were of poor quality, re-done, and re-numbered as Audio 516A/20-24. They have been maintained for conservation purposes only.