Summary Information
Oral History Interview with William “Blue” Jenkins
1974
Mss 435; Audio 532A; Parkside Mss 54; Parkside Tape 3
0.4 cubic feet (1 archives box) and 8 tape recordings
Wisconsin Historical Society (Map)UW-Parkside Library / Parkside Area Research Ctr. (Map)
Tape-recorded interview conducted in January 1974 by George Roeder of the Historical Society staff with William “Blue” Jenkins, a leader of the Racine, Wisconsin, labor movement and of the city's Black community. Also included are a transcript, abstract, and related documents.
English
http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-whs-mss00435 ↑ Bookmark this ↑
Biography/History
William “Blue” Jenkins has lived in Racine, Wisconsin, ever since his parents brought him there in 1917, one year after his birth in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. During his youth the Jenkins family home, located across the street from Racine's main railroad station, served as a stopping-off point for blacks newly arrived in town. This was one of several reasons why the young Jenkins, gregarious, curious, and active, acquired a good knowledge of events and personalities in the city's Black community, which had 294 inhabitants in 1924, 477 in 1930, 432 in 1940, and 1489 by 1950. After gaining local renown as an athlete during his years at Horlick High School, Jenkins became active in local and regional union affairs and Democratic Party politics. Although a political moderate, Jenkins's wide range of friends and acquaintances included communists, conservative business leaders, and militant Black nationalists. From 1940 into the 1970s he closely observed, and usually was a participant in, all major public issues and controversies involving Racine's labor movement or Black community.
From 1938 to 1968 Jenkins learned many different foundry skills while employed as a laborer at Belle City Malleable (later called Racine Steel Castings). After being appointed chairman of the local United Auto Workers (UAW) Fair Employment Practices Committee in 1940 he went on to hold numerous union offices, the most important being chairman of the fifty thousand member UAW National Foundry Sub-council No. 2. During his decades of local union activity Jenkins took particular interest in time-study procedures, grievance settlement, work safety and educational programs, and reconciliation of conflicts within and among unions. He attended the School for Workers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for eight summers during the 1950s.
After becoming prominent in local union affairs Jenkins took the lead in establishing a central blood bank for Racine County, setting up a low-cost prescription drug and eye glass program for union members, getting a union representative on the United Givers Fund staff, and organizing a Black voter registration drive (early 1950s). In 1962 union members elected him president of the Racine Central Labor Council, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations(AF of L-CIO). Jenkins believes that he was the first Black in the country to be elected to the presidency of a county AF of L-CIO central labor council. Despite his success in winning elective union offices, the international UAW never appointed Jenkins to a permanent staff position. He thinks high-ranking UAW staff members distrusted him because he was too outspoken and was unwilling to condone what he considered to be irresponsible actions by other union leaders.
Scope and Content Note
Interview Sessions
The two interviews with Jenkins, each about four hours long, took place in the Jenkins home in Racine on January 3 and 29, 1974, the first in the kitchen dining area and the second in a rec room downstairs. His wife, Mrs. Elouise Jenkins, a member of Racine's oldest Black family, the Brays, who settled in the city in 1857, often was present during the first interview and sometimes entered into the conversation. Other family members passed in and out of the kitchen in the course of the first interview and conversation among them, as well as sounds from a television in a nearby room, occasionally may be heard in the background.
Jenkins, balding, of medium height and large build, was dressed casually for both interviews and due to a recent hip operation had to use crutches to get around. He gestured frequently as he talked, sometimes emphasizing a point by pounding the table with his fist, always augmenting his verbal presentation with communicative facial expressions, and often warming to the memory of the friend or incident under discussion. He spoke with the disarming enthusiasm of a man capable of both oratory and dispassionate description but most fond of the more intimate art of story telling. While he savored through repetition the punch lines of his anecdotes, he was careful to indicate, out of his respect for the truth, how much credence he gave to each story.
Because of his long residence and varied activities in Racine, because of his candor and good memory, and because he had taken time in the weeks before the interviews, while temporarily incapacitated by his operation, to write down his recollections on diverse topics, Jenkins was well prepared for the interviews. Jenkin's written notes include information on Racine's economy, politics, and social life and on the members and activities of the city's Black community. During the first interview Jenkins often referred to these notes, occasionally reading from them verbatim. Appropriate references appear in the transcript and abstract at points where Jenkins read from or referred to his notes. A list of these notes and other documents which supplement the interview is at the end of this narrative.
The January 3 interview dealt mainly with events prior to 1940. Among the topics Jenkins discussed were the history and extent of discrimination against Blacks in Racine and other Wisconsin cities, the make-up of Racine's Black population, the Prohibition era, Depression hardships, gambling, prostitution, Black social life and social clubs, Black leadership in Racine, crime in the Black community, the Ku Klux Klan, Black occupational experiences, and wealth and status among Racine Blacks. He talked about his family and childhood experiences and about his early involvement in union activities and the labor movement in Racine.
During the January 29 interview Jenkins touched on many of the same topics, but concentrated on Racine's racial relations and labor issues in the years after World War II. He discussed Lake Ivanhoe (a Black resort and residential community in Walworth County), Black political activities and allegiances, communism and radicalism in Racine unions during the 1930s and after, union politics and disputes including the AF of L-CIO merger, discrimination against Blacks in Janesville and other Wisconsin cities, foundry work, union time-study and grievance procedures, Black militancy, and the reactions of Racine Blacks to various public figures and events. In the course of the two interviews Jenkins made comments on numerous friends and acquaintances, including brief remarks on Gaylord Nelson, William Proxmire, and Russell Oswald, a Racine native who was Superintendent of Prisons of New York State during the Attica prison uprising in 1971.
A complete transcript as well as an abstract and index of the seven and one-half hours of tape recorded during the two days of interviewing is included in this collection. The tapes from each interview are begin with number 1 so it is necessary to indicate the interview session number as well as the tape number when requesting copies.
Transcript
The transcript attempts to give, with an exception discussed later, a precise written record of the oral conversation. Words repeated several times in conversation appear the appropriate number of times in the transcript (“the--the--the man”) and words never completed due to a shift or interruption in conversation are recorded as stated (e.g., “unus--” instead of “unusual” on p. 300 of the transcript). The written record reflects variations in the way words or phrases were spoken in different parts of the interviews. Thus the appearance in the transcript of both AFL and AF of L in reference to the American Federation of Labor, and of both 'em and them. In the transcript a bracketed question mark[?] follows words and phrases which are unclear on the tape. Where the bracketed term [undecipherable] appears in the transcript it indicates a word or phrase which the transcriber and editors could make no sense of. At no point are these undecipherable sections on the tape more than a few words in length. The exception to the rule of making the transcript inclusive is that the interviewer has edited out the phrase “you know” in all instances except those where its retention seemed important to the meaning or cadence of a sentence. The general intent, however, has been to include in the transcript all comments by Jenkins and Roeder, as well as all comments by Mrs. Jenkins directed to either of these two.
Abstract
The abstract available on paper and also as part of this finding aid, lists the distinct topics covered on each tape in order of discussion, and indicates the time marking on the user tape at which point the beginning of the particular discussion appears. The time-markings indicate the point on the second track of each tape where discussion of the distinct topic listed in capital letters begins. These time-markings are keyed to a time announcement, heard at five-second intervals, on the second track of each tape.
Thus, the researcher may listen to distinct topics without listening to all seven and one-half hours of tape. For instance, the user who wishes to listen to the topic on “Residential Patterns of Racine Blacks” should locate the place on the second track of side one, tape one, where the voice announces the 11:05 time marking (the voice says at this point, “eleven minutes, five seconds”), and at this point switch to the first track to hear the discussion. The discussion on “Residential Patterns of Racine Blacks” continues until approximately 13:10, at which point discussion of the next topic (“Anecdote About Racine Woman Who Owned Property in Gary”) listed in the abstract begins.
Notice that in most cases sentences beneath each headline explain more about the contents of the topic. For example, the two sentences underneath “RESIDENTIAL PATTERNS OF RACINE BLACKS” give further details on what appears on the tape between 11:05 and 13:10.
There are many cases where Jenkins discussed a distinct topic at more than one point in the interview and such topics appear at different places in the abstract, usually without cross reference. For instance, Jenkins makes further comments on Black residential patterns in Racine at 18:50 of the second side, third tape, January 29 interview.
The abstract is designed to provide only a brief outline of the content of the tapes and cannot serve as a substitute for listening to them. However the abstract when used with the Index will help the researcher easily locate distinct topics and discussions among the 450 minutes of commentary.
Index
The index, also part of this finding aid, which is keyed to the same time announcement track (second track) as the abstract, gives a single alphabetical listing of all proper nouns (names of persons, places, organizations, and distinct historical phenomena, such as the Depression and Prohibition) which appear on the tapes. Each entry is followed by one or more four-part citations specifying the location(s) where the entry appears. For instance Attica Prison is followed by the citation 1:2:1: 16:05. This indicates that a reference to Attica Prison appears in the January 3 interview (Interview I), Tape 2, Side 1, at the point on track one corresponding to sixteen minutes, five seconds on the time announcement. Separate citations appear for each reference to a proper noun if these references occur at intervals of twenty seconds or more, unless the proper noun is used frequently in a particular segment of the tape. These cases are indicated by citing the first and last times when the proper noun appears in the segment, and connected by two dashes. See the first and last index entries under Black Muslims for examples of this.
The index includes cross references, but no subheadings. Because Racine is mentioned with great frequency throughout the interview, there is no index entry for it.
Supporting Documents
As mentioned earlier, the written notes Jenkins prepared for the first interview are in this collection in Folder 4. These notes have the following titles:
- “Racine Black Population, c.1900”
- “Racine Black Population, c.1930”
- “Early Notables” (outstanding Black athletes in Racine, c.1930)
- “Early Political Leaders”
- “What's for Entertainment” (gambling, prostitution, social life)
Other miscellaneous notes prepared by Jenkins and on file at the Wisconsin Historical Society give further information on Racine's economy, politics and Black social organizations, on violence in the Black community (crimes, murders, and suicides up to 1940), and on humorous incidents from Jenkins's youth. Filed with these materials are correspondence and miscellany, 1957-1974, and also extensive notes on racial tensions in Racine in October of 1945 following the murder of a White soldier from Racine, Charles DeLuca, by two Blacks.
Administrative/Restriction Information
Processed by George H. Roeder Jr., December 2, 1974.
Contents List
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Mss 435
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Series: Paper Documents
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Box
1
Folder
1
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Abstract
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Box
1
Folder
2-3
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Transcript
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Box
1
Folder
4
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Lists referred to in interviews
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Box
1
Folder
5
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Correspondence and miscellany, 1957-1974
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Box
1
Folder
6
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Information on DeLuca murder
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Parkside Mss 54
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Duplicates of the contents of Folders 1 and 4-6
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Audio 542A/Parkside Tape 3
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Series: Interview
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
0:05
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Employment of Blacks in Racine,
: Hiring policies of various foundries. Names of Blacks working at foundries.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
3:00
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Explanation of Jenkins's Lists of Black Residents of Racine
: See document, “Racine Black Population, c.1930.” How he prepared lists, help he received, what they include. Discussion includes comments on number of Blacks in Racine, circa 1930.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
6:55
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Degree of Contact Among Blacks Within Racine
: Why Jenkins had unusually wide range of acquaintances.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
7:45
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Story Illustrating Black Self-Image,
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
8:40
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Anecdote About Jenkins's Uncle, Who Deserted Wife
: Fled when Jenkins recognized him at train station.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
9:45
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Jenkins's Early Family Life
: Activities with parents, uncle. More explanation of why he had a wide range of acquaintances.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
11:05
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Residential Patterns of Racine Blacks
: General areas where Blacks lived. Identifies other families who, like Jenkins's, lived outside of Black neighborhoods.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
13:10
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Anecdote About Racine Woman Who Owned Property in Gary
: Took horse and buggy trip there circa 1922.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
14:50
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More Explanation of Lists; Long-Time Racine Residents
: Families in Racine before 1900. See document, “Racine Black Population, circa 1900.” “Fifth generation” Black residents of Racine.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
21:15
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Black Family Patterns,
: Many single people--”rounders,” prostitutes, gamblers. Average family size small because of this.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
22:40
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Black Migration to Racine--Why, Where From
: Blacks from South usually stopped in Chicago before reaching Racine. Racine considered good place to come--jobs available.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
23:30
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Further Explanation of Lists
: See document, “Racine Black Population, c.1930.” Number of children in families on list.
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Tape/Side
1/1
Time
30:20
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Comments on Logan Davis, Only Black Resident of Racine to Fight in American Civil War
: Incomplete story; end of tape. See 1/29/74 interview; 1:1, 0:35.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
0:05
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Further Explanation of Lists
: See document, “Racine Black Population, c.1930.” Number of children in families on list.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
2:30
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Changes in Family Patterns Among Racine Blacks
: Many single people came in during 1920s; during early 1930s influx of both single and married people, by mid-1930s many getting married.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
4:10
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No Conflict Between Settled Blacks and Newcomers,
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
4:35
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Social Groupings, Habits
: Some Blacks, known as the “Four Hundred,” strove to live virtuously, be a moral elite; others participated in gambling, “house parties.” Nearly all went to church.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
6:20
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Churches in the Black Community
: Served as gathering places. Were segregated. Most Blacks went to Baptist or A.M.E. church. Splinter groups developed later.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
8:20
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Explanation of Jenkins's Written Notes
: See document, “Early Notables.”
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
8:40
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Sports in Racine, (Boxing, Baseball)
: Discussion of individual athletes. Baseball team known as the “Colored Athletics.”
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
14:30
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Integration in Racine,
: Sports teams, restaurants, saloons integrated; most churches segregated. Felt no discrimination.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
15:35
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Use of Word “Nigger”
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
15:50
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Changes in Racial Relations in Racine
: Degree of integration at various times; reasons for changes.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
19:00
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No Black Ownership of Bars, Restaurants,
: Blacks could not get license to operate a tavern.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
20:00
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Entertainment, Social Life in Racine,
: See document, “What's for Entertainment.”
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
20:05
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Availability, Manufacture of Whiskey in Racine During Prohibition
: Description of illegal operations. Ineffectiveness of government regulation. Involvement of Italians.
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Tape/Side
1/2
Time
24:45
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Sports in Racine (Baseball)
: More discussion of individual athletes. Most Blacks were switch hitters. Blacks motivated by competition with each other; knew they could beat Whites.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
0:05
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Sports in Racine, (Baseball and Fast-Pitch Softball)
: More discussion of individual athletes, including Jenkins himself, and of city teams. Colored Athletics played against White teams.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
7:10
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Sponsorship, Support for Black Teams
: Sources of money for uniforms; semi-pro ball.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
11:40
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Playing Baseball Against Waupun Prison Team
: Visiting team received free meal. Guards would bet on prison team, give prisoners special privileges if they won.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
12:35
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Gambling At Ball Games
: Commonly done.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
12:55
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Story of Ball Player From Racine Who Was Sentenced to Waupun Prison, Played Ball There
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
13:55
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More on Semi-Pro Ball, Other Summer Athletics,
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
15:55
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Russell Oswald, New York Prison Superintendent at Time of Attica
: On tape, incorrectly identified as Oswald Cullen.
: Jenkins had good relationship with “Ozzie” when he was director of parks in Racine. Surprised by his actions at Attica.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
18:20
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Athletics as a Route to Prominence in the Community; Black Leadership in
: Whites came to certain Blacks to find out what was happening in community; no leaders with strong base of support in Black community.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
21:00
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Mayors of Bronzeville; Problems of Discrimination
: “Mayor of Bronzeville” informally elected Black leader--response to problems of discrimination which grew during the 1930s. Discussion of Racine Black leaders; lack of educated Blacks.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
24:30
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Migration of Blacks to Racine,
: Origins of migrants, including Jenkins's family; reasons for migration to Racine.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
26:45
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Recruiting Blacks as Strikebreakers
: Recruited in South to work in North. Experiences of Jenkins's father.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
27:45
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Racial Relations in Beloit
: Relations embittered by early practices of recruiting Blacks as strikebreakers. Jenkins tells of being refused service in Beloit Rexall restaurant, circa 1935.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
29:10
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Discrimination in Janesville
: Particularly bad because many Southern Whites recruited to work in Janesville.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
30:00
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More on Recruiting Blacks as Strikebreakers in Beloit,
: Brought up from South in boxcars like cattle.
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Tape/Side
2/1
Time
31:00
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Comparison of Racial Relations in Beloit and Racine
: Much more conflict in Beloit; not bad in Racine until late 1930s.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
0:15
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Black Sports Teams
: See document, “Early Notables.” Sources of support for baseball and basketball teams. Basketball team also known as “Colored Athletics.” Basketball players more educated than others.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
2:10
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Educational Experiences of Racine Blacks
: In Jenkins's generation few completed high school.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
3:30
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Sports in the High Schools
: Discussion of Blacks who played at Racine high schools, including Jenkins.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
5:35
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More Discussion of Colored Athletics Basketball Team
: Transportation, ways of raising money (”house parties”).
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
7:05
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More Discussion of How Jenkins Got to Know So Many People
: House near railroad, social center; Jenkins often out around the town.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
8:35
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Started Driving Car at Age Twelve
: Lied about age to get driver's license.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
10:00
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More on Basketball, Raising Money for Teams
: Competition among team members. Comparison of Racine team to Savoy Five, the team which became the Harlem Globetrotters. More on how Racine team raised money by having dances and parties and passing the hat at games.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
13:45
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Low-Status Occupations of Blacks; Distinctions Among Types of Workers
: During 1930s no Black professionals; Blacks did industrial or menial labor. Foundry workers made money but were not social and moral elite of Black community. Gamblers and prostitutes also made money, were patronized by foundry workers.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
16:25
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Gambling and Prostitution
: Racine considered good city for hustling because Blacks generally had steady employment, money. Jenkins's experiences in gambling during 1940s; description of games, size of stakes; publicized by word of mouth. Anecdote about a raid.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
22:05
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Use of Word “Nigger”
: Could be used in joking way by White who had grown up in Black community.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
23:05
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More on Gambling, Prostitution, Drinking,
: See document, “What's for Entertainment.” Clientele for Black prostitutes mainly White. “House rent parties,” popular type of activity, usually included gambling and prostitution as well as drinking.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
24:55
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Use of Drugs in Black Community
: Hard drugs not used in Racine until 1970s; social pressure against it in Black community. Much pot smoking in Milwaukee during 1930s--description of “hole-in-the-wall” nightclubs popular with musicians.
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Tape/Side
2/2
Time
28:25
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More on Gambling, Prostitution, Drinking
: Youngsters could go to house parties but not drink whiskey or gamble. Jenkins drank beer from age ten, but not whiskey. Generosity and genuineness of hookers. Many gamblers and prostitutes remained in Racine, often went into other occupations and became respected citizens.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
0:01
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Numbers Games; Other Forms of Gambling
: Numbers never established for any length of time in Racine--Blacks had enough money to play games with higher stakes.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
1:40
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Explanation of How “Georgia Skin” Card Game Is Played
: Anecdotes about size of stakes, ways to cheat.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
9:45
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Dice--Anecdotes About Good Players
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
13:00
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Police and Gambling
: Police knew about gambling but did not make raids unless parties got too disorderly. No graft involved.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
14:15
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Comments of Willie Mann
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
16:40
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Sammy Hicks; Vice and Wealth
: Owned several houses of prostitution, made quick money during 1930s, had important Whites as clients, but made foolish mistakes and had to leave town.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
18:50
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Wealth and Status in the Black Community; Black Doctors, Lawyers, Politicians
: No Black had much money to give in support of community causes in 1930s. First Black doctor, first Black lawyer came in late 1960s. No Black ownership of business or election to public office until 1960s. Names of Blacks who held political office. Until 1960s no Black held high-status position in Racine; foundry workers best paid.
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Tape/Side
3/1
Time
24:50
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Union Activities, [UAW]
: Incomplete story; end of tape
: How Jenkins got involved. Tried to protect Black rights in immediate post-war period when tight conditions threatened their jobs at the foundry where Jenkins worked and when management and workers were abusing the rights of Black workers recently brought in from Caribbean. Took a leading role in a sit-down strike and then gained power by helping eventually victorious faction in struggle for union leadership at his foundry.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
0:05
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Union Activities,
: More on how Jenkins became involved. Inspired by contacts with union men from Detroit who told him of struggle there. Somewhat difficult to get union activity started in foundries because workers treated rather well. Jenkins's union committee work.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
2:40
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Black Voting, Racine
: In immediate post-war period Jenkins, through union committee position, set up registration program for Blacks. Before Blacks did not bother to vote, although there was no overt attempt to prevent them from doing so.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
4:00
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Jenkins's Union Activities,
: Jenkins eventually held high offices in local UAW at Belle City Malleable and on local regional councils. Encouraged Blacks at other Racine factories to become involved in union activities.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
5:15
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UAW Foundry Council
: Jenkins eventually became president of regional council. Tried to encourage other Black to get on the council, although some abused their positions. Gives examples of Black union leaders who disgraced their position.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
7:50
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Union Movement--Entrenched Power
: Leaders protect each other, as police do. Lose touch with membership, as politicians do.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
11:50
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“Store-Front Niggers”
: Blacks have gained some status positions in Racine, but do not really exercise power or have a chance to learn administrative skills. South Side Development Corporation example--doing good work but essentially under White control. Blacks with good positions remain quiet for fear of losing their jobs.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
18:00
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S.C. Johnson Company--Sam Johnson
: Company has done a great deal for the community, although has not given Blacks leadership training. Sam Johnson is straightforward, direct.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
21:00
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Black Leadership in Present Racine
: What little leadership there is is mainly in hands of men who are relative newcomers to Racine.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
22:00
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Conflicts Within Black Community, Militancy
: Thinks moderate approach, as exhibited by lawyer and regent Ed Hales, proper for Racine, although “raised fist” might be right for other places such as Chicago. Critical of assumption of White leaders that Black leaders such as Jenkins can accurately report on the feelings of the entire Black community on a given issue.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
26:00
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Black Occupational Opportunities,
: Most Blacks laborers, domestics but two did become foremen in 1920s, one at tannery, one at foundry.
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Tape/Side
3/2
Time
27:40
|
Black Ministers
: Story of Rev. Bass, a “White folk's nigger” whom Jenkins helped run out of town in 1950s. Other problems with ministers who put their own interests ahead of those of community.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
0:10
|
Comments on Using Newspapers for Research
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
0:35
|
Little Violence in Black Community Prior to
: See document, “Misc. Notes on Racine.” Only four murders during 1920s and 1930s (enumerates). One suicide during that period and one since. No violence between Blacks and Whites prior to 1940 except fist fights between individuals. No guns or knives as later.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
3:20
|
Ku Klux Klan
: Active in Racine during 1920s. Marched through city. Hung Black doll in Jenkins family cherry tree. Had large meetings, cross burnings, but no confrontations.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
7:05
|
Conflict, Fighting in Racine of
: No widespread ethnic or racial conflicts. Some gang fights using fists and bricks, with allegiances determined by neighborhood of residence rather than ethnic background.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
9:45
|
Discrimination Against Blacks,
: No ethnic group worse than any other although Italians happened to own taverns, therefore they more often discriminated.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
11:05
|
Stealing by Blacks,
: Only two kids arrested for stealing during this period, only one served time. This began to change, along with other things, in 1940s.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
12:45
|
Black Leadership--More on Mayor of Bronzeville; George Bray
: Tradition of mayor continued into 1940s. Achievements of George Bray, once Mayor of Bronzeville.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
15:10
|
The “Hi-Lites”--Social Club,
: Description of club's annual social bash, a big event in Black community. Ties with the Four Hundred.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
19:45
|
Jenkins's Achievements
: First to get integrated local union to take NAACP membership; president of Racine County AF of L-CIO Council; instigated establishment of Racine County blood bank.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
23:15
|
Discussion of Clippings Album Kept by Mrs. Jenkins
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
25:00
|
Democrats's Decision to Put Up William Proxmire for Senate Seat in
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
0:15
|
Jenkins's Impressions of Gaylord Nelson, Proxmire
: Nelson less aggressive, but has “magnetic” personality.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
3:15
|
School for Workers, Madison
: Jenkins attended for eight years during 1950s. Learned time-study techniques and received other training useful for union work.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
7:00
|
UAW Educational Programs
: Racine took lead, had program before Detroit. Hugh Reichert brought in to teach, added to quality of city's labor movement.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
9:35
|
Racine Labor Movement; Strikes at Case
: Racine developed effective labor movement, perhaps because of lessons learned from many strikes. Jenkins's involvement in Case strike.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
12:15
|
Racial Attitudes of Unions; Jenkins's Union Activities
: Jenkins encountered some racial antagonism from union members, especially craft unions. Intra-union disputes. Anecdote about setting up discount prescription drug arrangement for union members. Unions formerly hindrance to Black advancement, began opening up with coming of industrial unions in 1930s and due to wartime prosperity. More on blood bank.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
19:25
|
Decline of Union Power in Racine
: In recent years unions have taken less interest than previously in local politics, have less power. Union power at height in 1940s--had fourteen of eighteen aldermen; in 1974 had only three.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
21:45
|
Discussion of Practical Details of the Interview
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
22:40
|
De Luca Murder ; Inter-Racial Tension
: For a fuller discussion of this incident see memo of 10/15/73 on interviewer's phone conversation with Jenkins, and related documents.
: White murdered by two Blacks. Angry White mob threatened to burn down house in Black community where alleged murderers had boarded. Threats of violence, but none occurred. Unique incident--nothing similar in Racine history.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
25:50
|
More Discussion of Details of Interview
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
26:20
|
Comments on Jenkins's Son, a Graduate Student
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/2
Time
28:00
|
End of Interview
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
0:05
|
Discussion of Details of Interview
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
0:35
|
Mrs. John Stewart, Perhaps Wealthiest Black Woman in Racine
: Daughter of Logan Davis, Black Civil War veteran. Had money in stocks, land. Got some from father. Both she and her husband worked and were frugal. Racine's “Davis Addition” named after Logan Davis, who owned property there.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
6:50
|
Lake Ivanhoe
: Black community, resort area in Walworth County. Original residents from Kenosha, Racine, then some came from Chicago.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
7:35
|
Discussion of Mr. Holland, Who Had Farm Near Lake Ivanhoe
: Black farmer who became well-to-do tire and implement dealer.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
10:05
|
More on Lake Ivanhoe
: Pavillion used by Blacks from Kenosha, Racine, nearby areas for dancing. This may be how the area got to be known.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
11:45
|
Brief Mention of Wisconsin's First Black Cop
: For correction of the information given in this segment of the tape, see interviewer's memo of 2/1/74 on phone conversation with Jenkins.
: From Kenosha.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
12:35
|
More on Lake Ivanhoe
: Jenkins's memories of going there during 1920s. Retired railroad porters might have been among early permanent residents.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
13:20
|
Wealth in Black Community
: In first third of century porters, post office employees, shoe shine and clean-up people seemed best able to make and accumulate modest wealth. Foundry workers in general had larger families, did not save money.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
14:50
|
Brief Comments on West Racine
: Circa 1920s taboo to Blacks; known as “Kringleville”; Jenkins now lives there.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
15:20
|
More on Wealth and Work in Black Community
: Domestic workers often received gifts from White employers. Anecdote about Jenkins's father-in-law who invented effective soap for janitorial work but never patented it.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
19:50
|
More on Lake Ivanhoe
: Names people who had places there.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
21:15
|
Mention of First Black Teacher in Kenosha
: Fair-skinned; perhaps thought to be White.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
21:25
|
Lake Ivanhoe
: People did not start living there year round until 1950s.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
22:15
|
First District Improvement Association,
: Political club to work for Black rights, modeled on Lynchburg Improvement Association. Promoted by Jenkins with help and encouragement of others including activist White lawyer with experience in civil rights activities in South.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/1
Time
26:40
|
Need for People to Lend Stature to Black Community
: Needed people for kids to look up to; no Black had much status in the larger community. to remedy this Jenkins would greet and give support to Black professionals who who decided to move into Racine. When Jenkins was in high school he hoped to be a postman because this seemed to be the best opportunity for Blacks. Jenkins explains how he got locked into foundry work.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
0:05
|
Difficulties of Being on Relief During
: Experience of Jenkins's family.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
1:05
|
Radical Activity in Racine--Communists, Industrial Unions
: Racine known as “Little Moscow” during 1930s because of communist influence. Communists had some success in Black community. White communist leaders tried to have Blacks pose as leaders. Organizers mainly from outside of Racine. Communists did help poor people meet their needs. CIO tried to organize Belle City Foundry, where Jenkins worked, in the 1930s. Jenkins and others in his shop joined AF of L molder's union, partly because of communist influence in CIO; switched into UAW later after it was “cleaned up.” Communist influence remained strong in Racine until late 1930's, appeared again later. Communist efforts during Civil Rights movement of 1950s. Discussion of other, Racine communists, one of whom went to Russia in mid-1930s and became disillusioned.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
14:45
|
Postal Clerk as Man of High Status in Black Community,
: Postmen were among the few Blacks who had money, steady income during Depression.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
16:55
|
Communist Influence in Racine; Grievances During
: Communists made headway in times of economic hardship. Their success aided by obvious inequities of existing system--county board members who were farmers let food rot in their fields while people went hungry. Also had success among Blacks bitter about discrimination. Further comments on hardships of the Depression.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
20:00
|
Black Social Life, Communist Socializing with Blacks
: Few places to go; communists won support from Blacks by including them in their social activities. Anecdote about one Racine communist, a Dane, who invited Blacks over, let them dance with his daughters.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
22:55
|
Changing Patterns of Racial Discrimination
: Trailer camps segregated, as were most taverns by late 1940s, early 1950s. Could go anywhere in 1920s. Discrimination began getting bad in 1930s, very bad by 1940s, stayed bad through 1950s until improved in 1960s.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
24:40
|
Keeping Busy as Damper on Black Political Activity; Black Political Allegiances
: Communist influence less during 1940s because of pressures of war. Generally Racine Blacks have had little time for political activity because they have been busy working--unlike Chicago where many are off work, concentrated in large apartments. in Racine, Blacks more scattered. Had one voter registration drive during 1950s while many Blacks were concentrated in trailer camps. No overt attempts to stop Blacks from voting, but in Racine they have been generally inactive politically. Members of the Four Hundred were often Republican; Blacks in unionized industries more likely to be Democratic.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
29:25
|
S.C. Johnson Company Hiring Policies
: During pre-Civil Rights era hired Blacks only for janitorial work.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
1/2
Time
29:45
|
Black Political Allegiances
: Varied somewhat with occupation.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
0:01
|
Black Political Allegiances, continued
: General shift of Black support from Republicans to Democrats during Roosevelt era. Democrats only party to try to get out the Black vote, beginning with Jenkins's efforts in late 1940s. Description of various voter registration efforts.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
4:25
|
First District Improvement Association--Black Political Involvement
: Democrats had often lost First District Congressional race by small margins. Jenkins felt if he could organize Black vote would make a difference in this race and in local elections. Tried to organize improvement association for this purpose. Many enthusiastic about idea but organization never “got off its feet.” Did not get enough political workers to do the organizing, especially in Kenosha, Beloit.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
10:35
|
Vel Phillips, Black Democratic National Committee-Woman
: First District Improvement Association helped campaign for her. She turned out to be a disappointment after elected. Would not mingle with people, recognize political allies enough.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
13:35
|
Lack of Effective Organizations in Racine Black Community
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
14:35
|
Struggle to Get Union Representative on United Fund Staff
: Succeeded while Jenkins was president of county AF of L-CIO.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
19:30
|
AF of L-CIO Merger; Union Politics, Disputes
: “Shot-gun marriage.” Squabbles on local level over politics, money. Carpenters particularly hostile to Jenkins leadership, they were mainly Republican. Discussion of individuals involved in Racine union politics. Details of Jenkins's election as president of local. Role of ethnic background, type of union, political views in union members' attitudes toward Jenkins's leadership.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/1
Time
29:15
|
Building Trades Unions, Other Unions Hostile to Blacks
: Stories about several Blacks who could not get into building trades unions.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
0:01
|
Jenkins's Experiences, Background
: Refused employment at machine shops because of race. Did various types of skilled work with father, as was common in South; father could not get in trades unions in Racine due to race. He was strong union man, however, due to mining experience in West Virginia. Father a “rounder,” worked on railroads and had many other jobs. Anecdote about father.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
4:15
|
Incidents of Racial Prejudice During Jenkins's School Years
: Lost interest in scholarship to Ripon after assistant high school coach told him he would have to “stay in his place.” Many parents protested after high school football team elected Jenkins captain. Jenkins willing to defer but coach insisted he stand up for his rights, which he did. Could not eat with team in Beloit.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
10:50
|
Anecdotes About Use of Word “Nigger”
: Fans at Janesville would say “get that nigger.” Jenkins would respond by roughing up opposing players. But Jenkins would say the same himself when playing against Blacks.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
14:25
|
Racial Attitudes in Kenosha
: Bad, though not as bad as Beloit. Could get served at restaurant when passing through with a group in Kenosha, but not when alone or on a regular basis. Major employers did hire Blacks; small Black population.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
16:45
|
Comments on Harold Mason, Black Journalist, PR Man
: From Kenosha. Started in television, now working for Milwaukee Journal. Had to lie about experience to get good jobs. Man-about-town; Jenkins's source of information on conditions in Kenosha.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
20:35
|
More on Racial Attitudes in Kenosha, Racine; Employment in Racine
: Racine one of best cities. Names foundries in Racine--generally places where Blacks were likely to get work. Case began hiring large numbers of Blacks in 1940s because of war. Other jobs opened up for Blacks during 1940s.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
23:40
|
Employment for Black Women in Racine
: Prior to war only jobs in housework, foundries. War opened some clerking jobs. First Black registered nurses in 1940s(one) and 1950s.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
26:45
|
Impact of World War II on Black Community; Trailer Camps
: War opened up some jobs. Blacks organized to protect rights in fight over trailer camps(incomplete story).
|
|
|
Tape/Side
2/2
Time
27:50
|
Prejudice in the Unions; “The Janesville Ring”
: Only one Black working at Racine's Young Radiator Company during 1940s; due in part to union bias. Account of Jenkins's investigation of union discrimination in Chevrolet plant at Janesville. Sent by UAW central office. Found Janesville had a “ring” made up of newspaper, church, business people and the city's one Black resident; they worked to keep Blacks out of city.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/1
Time
0:01
|
More on Discrimination in Janesville,
: Continuation of story about how Blacks were kept out of Janesville. One of only Black families in Janesville--Davises--lived in White neighborhood, respected, active in White church. Protected their position by helping keep out other Blacks. How one other Black family got into Janesville. Examples of how Janesville papers tried to discredit Blacks. Blacks could patronize hotels, start businesses, even get haircut in White barbershop in Janesville, but could not live there. More on “Janesville Ring.” Earlier attempt to deal with problem through UAW; regional director's unwillingness to cooperate.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/1
Time
9:45
|
Adverse Effect of Jenkins's Independence on His Union Career
: Frankness during Janesville investigation might have hurt chances to get staff position. Also displeased union leadership by setting up discount programs for union members with King Optical Company, whose products union previously had boycotted. While on Foundry Council annoyed other leaders by complaining about irresponsible behavior, use of union funds by Black council leaders. Jenkins forced out of local union leadership position by central office.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/1
Time
21:50
|
Jenkins's Union Activities and Foundry Work
: Never had union staff position--always had to work at foundry as well as doing union work. Did many different jobs at foundry.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/1
Time
23:55
|
Foundry Safety Problems; Time-Studies; Grievances
: Changes in working conditions at Belle City Foundry where Jenkins worked for thirty years. Health hazards. Unions played major role in getting better conditions. Description of approach to safety problems. How time-studies were done at Jenkins's foundry. Jenkins's experience as time-study steward. Account of one time-study grievance and the way it was resolved (story completed on next side).
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
0:01
|
Foundry Work; Time-Studies; Grievances, continued
: End of time-study grievance story. Jenkins's relationship, as a union representative, with management. Anecdote about one grievance settlement for a worker's back pay.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
4:40
|
Jenkins's Experiences in Union Politics
: Lost one election in local union due to racist campaign against him. in response refused to do time-study work for union, but relented out of concern for workers.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
5:50
|
Account of Settlement of Time-Study Grievances
: Settlement of dispute over time rate for welding; other smaller grievances. Attempt of management to get around contract provisions.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
13:05
|
Discrimination in Janesville, Other Towns
: Jenkins does not know of any affirmative response to his report on discrimination at Janesville Chevrolet plant. Further explanation of peculiarities of discrimination in Janesville. in ways seemed like southern towns which had sign at entrance, “Nigger Read and Run.” Yet Blacks could do things there they could not do in other cities--run business, get haircut, eat in restaurant. But had to be out of town at night, could not live in Janesville or, unless they had their own business, work there.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
15:25
|
Getting a Haircut
: Racine had two Black barbers, one with shop, one with chair in basement. Many Racine Blacks went to Milwaukee for hair straightening. Uncertain if even now White barbers would give Black a haircut in Racine. Janesville strange exception to this.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
17:15
|
Discrimination in Madison
: Blacks could go almost anywhere in Madison, but most lived in community off Washington Avenue.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
18:50
|
Black Residential Patterns in Racine,
: Changes in extent of area where Blacks lived. Contacts among Blacks in different Racine communities. No strong organizational ties.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
22:40
|
Statewide Contacts Among Blacks Through Church, Social Organizations
: Some contact through NAACP and church meetings, segregated chapters of social organizations such as Elks, Masons (Jenkins is in the predominantly White Scottish Rite Masons, most Blacks in Prince Hall).
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
25:40
|
Black Muslims
: Came into Racine circa 1960. Anecdote about Jenkins's first encounter with a Muslim. Jenkins attended several of their meetings. Description of meeting. Did not preach violence, but rhetoric encouraged hatred of Whites.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
3/2
Time
30:00
|
Comments on Racine Armenian Population
: Lived near Jenkins; hostile to Turks.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
0:01
|
Discussion of Armenian Friend of Jenkins
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
0:50
|
Jenkins's Problems in Trying to Buy a House in Racine
: Turned down at many places because he was Black. Armenian friend offered to help him.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
3:35
|
More on Armenian Friend
: Jovial, non-aggressive person, but extremely hostile to Turks.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
4:50
|
Black Muslims
: Criticized for preaching hatred but are not as extreme as Armenians. Comment on Frazier-Ali fight. Jenkins decided not to join Muslims. They got most of their membership from younger people. Encouraged high standards of behavior. Members always dressed neatly, did not smoke or drink. Ali's conversion attracted many new members to sect. Many older people would not join because of their Christian beliefs.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
10:25
|
Discussion of Miscellaneous Questions
: U.W. athlete, Gooch Jenkins, Blue's nephew. Suggestions as to sources for further study of Racine Black history.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
12:05
|
Transportation in Racine; Black Ownership of Automobiles
: Names of some Blacks who owned cars during 1920s. Discussion of means of transportation within Racine, between cities.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
15:00
|
Reaction to Joe McCarthy
: Some Blacks disliked him, most did not have strong reaction.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
15:40
|
Reaction to Civil Rights Movement
: Less interest in Racine than in many other communities.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
16:00
|
Discussion of 1967(?) Racine Riot
: Analysis of causes. Poorly handled by authorities. Actually minor incident, but mayor closed town down for the day.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
18:00
|
Attitudes Toward Martin Luther King; Discussion of Racine's Black Ministers
: Racine had conservative Black population, liked King's approach. Blacks needed minister to get them together although Racine had some bad experiences with self important Black ministers.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
21:50
|
Communists in Unions; Communist Influence in Racine
: Never got a permanent hold in Racine. Served the needed function of stimulating reforms, then lost what control they had.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
24:05
|
Relations of Blacks with Various Ethnic Groups
: During early period [circa 1910?] conflicts between Blacks and Irish. Later, Blacks had some conflicts with Polish because they lived near each other. Danes rather isolated from Blacks by residence, but often the businesses which they owned would not hire Blacks. Jews were the most sympathetic. Owned junkyards, hired Blacks. Joke about relations of Jews and Blacks. Jenkins's father worked for Danes, had good relation with them. Generally little ethnic conflict. Similar in this way to Minneapolis.
|
|
|
Tape/Side
4/1
Time
29:40
|
End of Interview
|
|
Appendix: Index to Interviews
|
Name
|
Tape/Time
|
| Addison, Donald |
II:1:1: 28:35 |
| Africa |
I:4:2: 26:15 |
| Alcorn College |
I:2:1: 23:10; II:1:1: 16:20 |
| Ali, Muhammad |
II: 4:1: 5:05-5:35, 8:35 |
| Allen, Johnny |
I:4:1: 1:20 |
| American Brass Works |
II:2:2: 15:55 |
| American Federation of Labor |
II:1:2: 6:50; II:2:1: 20:30-21:25; II:3:1: 13:10-13:40 |
| American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organizations (see also Central Labor Council, AFL-CIO) |
II:2:1: 15:10; II:3:1: 22:40 |
| American Legion (team) |
I:2:1: 7:40; I:2:2: 0:35 |
| American Skein Foundry |
I:3:2: 4:55; II:2:2: 21:45 |
| Anthony, Claude |
I:1:1: 3:00-3:50, 14:55-15:20, 16:55-17:45; I:4:2: 22:55-23:55 |
| Anthony, Mason |
I:1:1: 17:55, 20:00 |
| Arkansas |
I:2:1: 25:05 |
| Armenians |
II:3:2: 30:00-30:40; II:4:1: 4:40 |
| Armstrong Foundry |
I:3:2: 27:00; II:2:2: 21:50 |
| Attica Prison |
I:2:1: 16:05 |
| Austin, Harry |
I:1:1: 29:15 |
| Austin, Pap |
I:1:1: 28:50-29:20 |
| Badger Foundry |
II:2:2: 21:35 |
| Badger Roofing (team) |
I:2:1: 7:55 |
| Bank Street |
I:4:1: 9:00-9:20 |
| Baptist Church |
I:1:2: 6:40; I:3:2: 29:45-30:20; I:4:1: 12:50 |
| Baptists |
II:1:2: 21:20 |
| Barbadians |
I:3:1: 26:25 Barbados, I:3:1: 25:25 |
| Barker, Louie |
II:1:2: 26:15 |
| Bass, Reverend |
I:3:2: 28:25-29:35; II:4:1: 19:15-19:40 |
| Bates, Daisy |
I:3:2: 28:55 |
| Belle City Foundry |
I:1:1: 0:35-2:10; I:3:2: 4:15; II:1:2: 6:05; II:2:2: 22:10 |
| Beloit |
I:2:1: 10:00, 27:45-31:00; II:2:1: 7:35-8:30, 10:25; II:2:2: 10:30, 12:15, 14:25, 16:10, 29:35; II:3:1: 3:40, 4:45, 5:55, 6:30; II:3:2: 14:55 |
| Bensen |
Marge, II:2:1: 11:15 |
| Benton Harbor, Michigan |
I:2:2: 20:10-21:25 |
| Big Ed Gang |
I:4:1: 8:20-9:20 |
| Black Muslims |
II:3:2: 25:40-30:00; II:4:1: 3:35, 4:55, 5:40-10:20 |
| Blatz Brewery (Milwaukee) |
II:2:2: 18:15 |
| Bloomington, Indiana |
I:4:2: 27:05 |
| Boykin, Mr. |
I:1:1: 8:40, 9:35 |
| Boykin, Viola |
I:1:1: 8:45, 9:35 |
| Bray, Gene |
I:2:2: 2;35, 3:25-3:35, 4:05 |
| Bray, George |
1:3:1: 23:50; I:4:1: 13:30-14:50; 11:2:2: 27:15 |
| Bray family (see also Bray, Gene; Bray, George; Jenkins, Mrs. William) |
I:1:1: 4:55, 12:10, 16:50, 17:10, 19:30,23:35; II:1:1: 16:45, 19:15-19:45; II:4:1: 1:55, 13:35, 24:35-24:55 |
| Brown, Billups |
II:1:1: 11:50, 21:05 |
| Brown, Jenkins |
II:1:1: 21:00; II:4:1: 13:05 |
| Brown, Ralph |
I:3:1: 27:50, 28:15, 31:05; I:3:2: 0:05-0:25, 1:10 |
| Bucyrus-Erie (team) |
I:2:1: 11:25 |
| Building Trades Unions |
I:4:2: 12:50, 13:50; II:2:1: 27:10-28:15, 30:30 |
| Bryant, Dr. Dennis |
I:3:1: 20:45 |
| Bryant family |
II:2:2: 25:30, 28:10 |
| Capital Theatre |
II:2:1: 6:35 |
| Capone, Al |
1:1:2: 20:15 |
| Carpenters Local |
I:4:2: 12:45, 13:45-14:45; 11:2:1: 21:10, 23:20-24:25, 27:10-27:35 |
| Case Foundry (J. I. Case Co.) |
I:1:1: 0:25-1:25; I:2:1: 26:45; 1:4:2: 6:15, 9:50-12:00; II:1:2: 14:15; II:2:2: 22:15-22:40, 23:40 |
| Catholic |
II:2:2: 19:55 |
| Center Street |
I:1:1: 11:35 |
| Central High School (Madison) |
I:2:2: 12:50 |
| Central Labor Council, AFL-CIO |
I:4:1: 20:35-22:35; II:2:1: 19:35-19:55, 21:45, 23:55, 28:35 |
| Chevrolet Plant (Janesville) |
II:2:2: 29:15; II:3:1: 7:40 |
| Chicago |
I:1:1: 18:00, 20:15, 22:45; I:1:2: 22:40-23:00; I:2:1: 24:40; 1:2:2: 1:05, 11:20, 18:40; I:3:1: 6:15; 1:3:2: 23:10; I:4:1: 15:30; 11:1:1: 7:05-7:25, 11:00-11:35, 30:00; II:1:2: 4:00, 25:10; 11:2:2: 18:25; II:3:2: 19:40, 26:10; II:4:1: 0:25, 14:25 |
| Chicago Giants (team) |
I:2:1: 14:05 |
| Chicago Heights |
I:2:2: 1:05 |
| China |
I:3:2: 11:15 |
| Christianity |
II:4:1: 9:15 |
| Christiano, Mr. |
II:2:1: 6:15 |
| City Council |
II:1:1: 26:00; II:2:1: 23:05 |
| City Fishmarket (team) |
I:2:1: 5:30 |
| Civil Rights Movement |
II:4:1: 15:45 |
| Civil War |
I:1:1: 30:30-30:50; II:1:1: 0:35 |
| Cleveland |
II:3:2: 26:10 |
| Clinton, Indiana |
II:1:2: 12:05, 13:45 |
| “Club, The” |
I:1:2: 17:05 |
| Collins, James |
II:1:1: 12:00 |
| Colored Athletics (team) |
I:1:2: 12:25-13:00; 1:2:1: 6:20-7:15; 1:2:2: 0:30-0:50 |
| Committee on Political Education |
I:3:2: 2:45 |
| Communism, communists |
11:1:2: 0:55-14:30, 16:55-17:50, 19:30-22:10, 24:30-24:55; II:4:1: 10:15, 21:50-24:00 |
| Communist Party |
II:1:2: 4:25, 8:30 |
| Congress (U.S.) |
I:4:2: 01:50; II:2:1: 5:15 |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations |
II:1:2: 5:35-7:05 |
| Cook, Mr. |
II:3:2: 7:20 |
| Corbett, Charlie |
II:3:2: 15:55 |
| Crisis (magazine) |
I:4:1: 19:45; II:2:1: 14:25 |
| Crouders, Nettie |
I:1:1: 16:20 |
| Cullen, Oswald, (Oswald, Russell); on tape, incorrectly identified as Oswald Cullen |
I:2:1: 16:10-18:15 |
| Dalton, Dr. |
II:1:1: 17:45 |
| Dalton Apartments |
II:1:1: 17:45 |
| Damon, Cross |
II:1:2: 14:50 |
| Danes |
II:1:1: 15:05; II:1:2: 22:25; II:4:1: 25:30-25:55, 26:45, 28:25 |
| Davis, Mr. (Janesville) |
II:2:2: 30:35; II:3:1: 0:10-3:20, 5:00; II:3:2: 15:20 |
| Davis, Mrs. (Janesville) |
II:3:1: 0:55-1:05 |
| Davis, Cliff |
I:1:2: 26:05; I:2:1: 2:25 |
| Davis, Logan |
I:1:1: 30:15-31:20; I:2:1: 24:00; I:3:2: 26:55; II:1:1: 0:45, 6:05-6:35, 14:35; II:4:1: 13:20 |
| Davis, Mrs. Logan |
I:2:1: 24:05 |
| Davis, Mac |
II:2:1: 9:10 |
| Davis, “Sock” |
I:2:2: 2:45, 3:45 |
| Democratic Party |
II:1:2: 25:50; II:2:1: 2:25, 3:40 |
| Democrats |
II:1:2: 28:25; II:2:1: 0:00-1:40,4:30-5:05, 21:30; II:4:1: 10:15 |
| Dempsey, Jack |
I:1:2: 9:10 |
| Depression |
II:1:1: 30:35; II:1:2: 16:00-16:30; II:2:2: 0:10 |
| Detroit |
I:1:2: 10:00; I:2:2: 19:25; I:3:1: 8:30; I:3:2: 1:30, 23:10; I:4:2: 7:15; II:1:1: 2:40; II:2:1: 15:00-15:45; II:2:2: 29:45; II:3:1: 12:50; II:3:2: 26:15 |
| Dominican College (School Without Walls) |
I:4:2: 5:15 |
| Doss, Crawford |
I:2:2: 1:25-2:00, 5:40, 10:10 |
| Doss, Francis (“Tweeter”) |
II:2:2: 25:00-25:35 |
| Doss, Jervay |
I:1:2: 26:05; I:2:1: 2:30; I:2:2: 6:00; II:2:2: 25:00 |
| Doss, Mrs. Jervay |
II:2:2: 25:10 |
| Doss, Ulysees |
I:2:2: 1:20, 5:35 |
| Doss family |
I:1:1: 24:55 |
| Dubow, Sam |
II:2:1: 6:25 |
| Duke, Mabel |
II:4:1: 12:00 |
| Dumore Company |
II:2:1: 16:55 |
| Ector, Mr. |
II:1:1: 21:25 |
| Ector, Nathan |
I:1:1: 28:55 |
| Edgewood Street |
II:3:2: 20:25 |
| Edwards, Jack |
I:3:2: 7:40; II:3:1: 14:30, 17:25 |
| Eighteenth Street |
I:1:1: 11:50 |
| Eighth Ward (formerly Fifth Ward) |
I:3:1: 22:50 |
| Eisendrath Tannery |
I:3:2: 26:45-27:25; II:1:1: 15:50 |
| Elks |
II:3:2 23:15 |
| Ellington, Duke |
I:2:2: 25:55 |
| England |
1:4:2: 26:15 |
| Evanston |
I:2:2: 0:60-1:05, 10:35-11:15; II:1:1: 11:35 |
| Fair Employment Practices Committee |
1:3:2: 0:60-2:40 |
| Fairbanks and Morse Company |
I:2:1: 30:05 |
| Faubus, Orville |
1:3:2: 28:30-29:20; II:4:1: 19:45 |
| First District (Congressional, Wis.) |
II:2:1: 4:40 |
| First District Improvement Association |
II:1:1: 22:20; 11:2:1: 4:25, 7:50, 9:50 |
| Fitzsimmons, Frank |
II:2:1: 28:55 |
| Florida |
II:1:1: 4:05 |
| Ford Motor Company |
1:3:2: 1:40; II:3:1: 17:35 |
| Forest Street, |
see Memorial Drive |
| Foundry Council (UAW National Foundry Sub-Council No. 2) |
1:3:2: 5:10-7:40; II:3:1: 14:10, 15:50-16:35, 18:00-20:10 |
| “Four Hundred” |
I:1:2: 4:35-5:50, 7:20; I:2:2: 14:55-15:25; I:4:1: 17:50-18:25; II:1:1: 20:15; II:1:2: 28:35; 11:2:2: 20:30 |
| Fourteenth Street |
I:1:1: 11:40 |
| Foxx, Miss |
11:2:2: 26:25 |
| Foxx, Redus |
1:2:1: 20:10-21:30, 23:00; I:3:2: 27:40; 1:4:1: 12:45-13:35; II:1:1: 16:00 |
| Foxx, Mrs. Redus |
II:1:1: 16:00 |
| Foxx, Rodell |
II:1:1: 16:10 |
| Franklin Neighborhood Center |
I:4:1: 14:30 |
| Franklin School |
I:4:1: 7:55 |
| Franksville, Wisconsin |
II:1:1: 7:45 |
| Frazier, Joe |
II:4:1: 5:10 |
| Fredrick Street |
II:3:2: 20:15 |
| Free Masons, |
see Masons |
| Freetown, Africa |
I:4:2: 26:35 |
| Frontage Road |
II:1:1: 7:40 |
| Garfield School |
II:1:1: 23:00 |
| Gary, Indiana |
I:1:1: 13:20; I:2:2: 19:10 |
| Gas and Electric Company |
II:1:1: 3:55 |
| Georgia |
I:2:1: 25:00 |
| Georgia Skin (game) |
1:2:2: 17:55-18:15; 1:3:1: 1:10-4:25, 6:10 |
| Germans |
II:2:2: 13:10 |
| Gilmore, Mr. |
II:2:2: 12:25 |
| Goins, R. L. |
II:3:2: 28:25 |
| Goodall, Mr. |
I:1:2: 0:25 |
| Goodrich Company |
II:1:1: 19:00 |
| Goodyear Company |
II:1:1: 19:00 |
| Graceland Cemetery |
11:1:1: 3:30 |
| Grand Avenue |
I;1:1: 11:30; II:1:1: 17:10 |
| Grant, William |
I:1:1: 30:05; 1:1:2: 12:55; 1:2:1: 20:00 |
| Green Bay |
I:4:2: 1:30; II:3:1: 17:25 |
| Green, Mr. |
I:4:1: 0:60 |
| Green County, Wisconsin |
II:2:1: 4:50 |
| Grier, Mrs. |
II:1:1: 15:20 Gross, Noah, I:1:1: 25:25 |
| Groth, Fritz |
II:2:1: 7:00 |
| Haas Foundry |
I:2:1: 5:00 |
| Hales, Ed |
I:3:1: 21:05; 1:3:2: 22:50-23:45 |
| Hamilton, Mr. |
II:2:1: 16:50 |
| Hamilton, Duke |
1:3:2: 15:10-16:00 |
| Hamilton Beach Company |
II:2:1: 24:20 |
| Hands, Richard C. |
II:1:1: 26:05-26:30; II:2:1: 8:00-9:15 |
| Hardin, Willie Ed |
11:3:2: 11:25 |
| Harlem Globetrotters (team) |
1:2:2: 10:50-11:40 |
| Harris, Ted |
I:3:1: 20:55 |
| Hartnett, Gabby |
1:1:2: 13:40 |
| Harvey, Jack |
II:2:1: 5:20-5:40, 7:20 |
| Hasler, Hughdon |
I:1:1: 29:10 |
| Hayward, Mr. |
II:1:1: 30:05; II:1:2: 15:05 |
| Henry X |
II:3:2: 27:55-28:45 |
| Herman, Mr. |
11:3:2: 5:45-6:15 |
| Herman, Woody |
I:2:2: 25:55 |
| Herschell, Sam |
I:1:1: 25:25 |
| Hi-Lites (social club) |
I:4:1: 15:20-18:40, 19:00-19:20 |
| Hicks, Sam |
I:1:1: 28:00; I:3:1: 16:50-19:25; I:4:1: 1:05 |
| High Street (West High Street) |
II:1:1: 6:15 |
| Holland, Mr. |
II:1:1: 7:30-10:50 |
| Holland Implement Company |
II:1:1: 7:35 |
| Holston, John |
I:1:1: 23:40-24:00 |
| Horlick Field |
I:2:1: 14:10 |
| Horlick Herald |
II:1:1: 29:45 |
| Horlick High School |
1:2:2: 4:05 |
| Howe Street |
I:1:1: 12:00 |
| Huan, Art |
I:3:2: 26:40-27:35; II:1:1: 15:35; 11:4:1: 13:25 |
| Huebner, Miss |
II:3:1: 8:45-9:20 |
| Hullum, Evelyn (“Babe”) |
II:4:1: 11:40-12:00 |
| Huns |
II:2:2: 13:40 |
| Hunt, Reverend |
11:1:1: 28:10 |
| Illinois |
I:3:2: 5:25 |
| Indiana |
11:1:2: 12:20 |
| Indiana University |
1:4:2: 27:00 |
| Ingram, Walter |
I:2:1: 2:35 |
| Irish |
II:4:1: 24:50 |
| Ironwood, Michigan |
II:2:1: 6:30 |
| Iroquois Foundry |
11:2:2: 21:45 |
| Ishpeming, Michigan |
II:2:1: 6:25 |
| Island Park (Lewis Field) |
I:2:1: 3:20, 15:35; 1:2:2: 31:10 |
| Italians |
I:1:2: 20:25, 22:00, 23:30-24:10; I:4:1: 7:10-8:35, 10:00-10:45; 1:4:2: 23:15; 11:1:2: 12:40; 11:4:1: 24:20-25:25 |
| Jackson, Adolf |
II:1:2: 12:05-14:30 |
| Jackson, Herb (“Chalky”) |
I:1:2: 9:25-11:30, 13:20; 1:2:1: 0:30, 13:05 |
| Jackson, Mrs. Herb |
II:1:1: 2:15 |
| Jackson, John (“Uncle Johnny”) |
I:1:1: 1:20 |
| Jackson, Lloyd |
I:3:1: 22:05-22:50 |
| Jackson family |
I:1:1: 25:50 |
| Jamaica |
I:3:1: 25:20 |
| Jamaicans |
I:3:1: 26:20 |
| Janesville |
I:2:1: 29:00-29:50; 11:2:2: 10:45-11:15, 14:25, 29:10-30:10; II:3:1: 4:30-8:15; 11:3:2: 13:05-13:45, 16:35 |
| Jenkins, Curtis |
1:2:2: 1:20, 3:35-4:05, 5:55 |
| Jenkins, Dorothy |
II:2:2: 3:20 |
| Jenkins, Gooch |
II:4:1: 10:40 |
| Jenkins, Mrs. William |
I:4:1: 19:00; 1:4:2: 26:20; II:1:1: 5:30, 19:20; II:4:1: 1:50 |
| Jenkins family (see also Jenkins, Curtis; Jenkins, Dorothy; Jenkins, Gooch; Jenkins, Mrs. William) |
I:1:1: 7:45-8:15, 9:45-10:25, 13:45-15:00; I:1:2: 15:30; I:2:1: 23:50, 26:40-27:15; 1:2:2: 8:35, 13:15, 27:45, 29:55; I:3:1: 6:05-7:35; I:4:1: 23:30; I:4:2: 26:15; II:1:1: 0:20, 1:15; 11:1:2: 0:50, 13:55, 16:20, 21:00; 11:2:2: 1:10-4:25, 8:35; II:4:1: 13:10 |
| Jews |
I:2:1: 8:20-8:55; I:2:2: 0:20; 11:4:1: 26:15-28:25 |
| Johnson, Lyndon |
1:1:2: 18:25; II:1:2: 23:45 |
| Johnson, Sam |
1:3:2: 18:10-20:00 |
| Johnson Wax Company |
1:3:2: 13:10, 15:00, 17:00, 18:00, 20:20; I:4:1: 15:55; II:1:1: 21:30; II:1:2: 29:15-29:45; 11:2:2: 23:25 |
| “June Nights” (social gathering) |
I:4:1: 17:15, 19:25 |
| Keating, Weisman |
I:3:1: 7:30; II:1:1: 9:45 |
| Kelvinator Refrigerator Company |
I:2:1: 9:00 |
| Kemp, Harry |
I:2:1: 2:20; 1:2:2: 3:05, 5:50-6:10 |
| Kemp, Theodore |
1:1:1: 30:15 |
| Ke-nash-a (team) |
1:2:1: 10:10 |
| Kenosha |
1:2:1: 10:05; II:1:1: 7:20, 11:35, 21:00; II:2:1: 4:45, 7:35, 10:15; II:2:2: 14:30-16:40, 20:00-20:30; II:4:1: 13:05-14:15 |
| Kentucky |
1:3:2: 5:25 |
| King, Dr. |
1:2:2: 11:50, 13:50 |
| King, Martin Luther |
II:1:1: 25:25; II:4:1: 18:00-18:50 |
| King Optical |
II:3:1: 10:25-11:10, 12:35 |
| Kitto, Dr. |
II:1:1: 18:20 |
| Kitzman, Harvey |
II:3:1: 12:50 |
| Kohler Company |
II:3:1: 12:10 |
| Kornwolf, Mr. |
II:2:1: 27:40 |
| Krenske, Ed |
II:2:1: 5:40, 6:50-7:30 |
| Krezenski, Harold |
II:2:1: 6:35-7:10 |
| Kringleville (Racine) |
II:1:1: 15:00 |
| Ku Klux Klan |
I:4:1: 3:25-7:05 |
| Kurten Clinic |
I:3:1: 20:30 |
| Lake Forest, Illinois |
1:4:2: 3:05 |
| Lake Ivanhoe (Lake Shangri-la) |
II:1:1: 4:30, 6:50-7:30, 10:15-12:50, 19:50-22:10; II:2:1: 7:40-8:35; II:4:1: 10:35 |
| Lake Park |
I:3:1: 0:20 |
| Lake Shangri-la, |
see Lake Ivanhoe |
| Lakefront Stadium |
I:1:2: 9:00 |
| Lakeside Foundry |
1:3:2: 4:55; 11:2:2: 21:45 |
| League of Women Voters |
II:1:2: 25:45 |
| Lee, Charles |
I:1:1: 25:20 |
| Lett, Walter |
I:1:1: 25:20 |
| Lewis Field, |
see Island Park |
| Liberty Street |
I:4:1: 8:00; II:3:2: 30:15 |
| “Little Moscow” |
11:1:2: 1:05, 4:00 |
| Little Rock, Arkansas |
I:3:2: 28:30-29:00 |
| Los Angeles |
1:3:2: 23:10; I:4:2: 27:30 |
| Lucey, Patrick |
II:2:1: 13:00 |
| Lynchburg Improvement Association |
II:1:1: 22:30-23:10 |
| Lynchburg, Virginia |
II:1:1: 24:35 |
| MRK Interurban Railway |
II:4:1: 14:10 |
| McCarthy, Joseph |
II:4:1: 15:00-15:35 |
| Macran, Mr. |
I:1:1: 29:45 |
| Madison, Wisconsin |
1:2:2: .3:10, 12:50; 11:1:2: 1:45; 11:2:2: 11:50; 11:3:2: 17:10-18:45; II:4:1: 11:00 |
| Magruder, Mr. |
I:1:1: 24:45 |
| Magruder, Nettie |
I:1:1: 16:30, 24:45; II:1:2: 20:30 |
| Magruder family |
I:1:1: 16:45 |
| Mann, Tom |
I:1:1: 27:40 |
| Mann, Willie |
I:1:1: 27:45-28:10 |
| Marhefke, Ray |
II:2:1: 24:35-27:00 |
| Market Street (Waukegan) |
1:2:2: 22:30 |
| Marquette Street |
II:3:2: 20:10 |
| Marquette University |
11:2:2: 4:35-5:00, 10:55 |
| Marshall, Mrs. |
I:1:2: 0:55 |
| Mason, Harold |
1:1:1: 16:10, 18:10-18:50; II:2:2: 16:45-20:35 |
| Mason, Willie |
I:1:2: 29:10-30:25; I:2:1: 7:45; 1:2:2: 1:20, 3:20, 6:05, 10:10; II:2:2: 19:20-20:30 |
| Masons (Free Masons, see also Prince Hall and Scottish Rites) |
II:1:1: 24:50; II:3:2: 23:10-25:25 |
| Massey-Ferguson Company |
II:3:2: 20:00 |
| Maxey, Dr. |
1:3:1: 19:55 |
| “Mayor of Bronzeville” |
1:2:1: 21:05-23:00; 1:4:1: 13:10-13:40; II:1:1: 16:00 |
| Mayor's Commission on Human Rights |
I:3:1: 23:25 |
| Mays, Mr. |
11:2:2: 12:25 |
| Mays, Willie |
1:1:2: 27:05 |
| Meharry Medical Institute, Nashville |
1:2:2: 12:10 |
| Melvin Avenue |
I:1:1: 12:45 |
| Memorial Drive (Forest Street) |
II:2:1: 3:20 |
| Metcalf, Mr. |
II:2:2: 10:55 |
| Methodist Church |
I:1:2: 6:40; I:4:1: 12:45 |
| Methodists |
11:1:2: 21:20 |
| Mexicans |
1:2:2: 21:45; I:3:1: 1:25; II:4:1: 27:05-27:30 |
| Michigan |
1:4:2; 23:35; II:3:1: 10:35 |
| Midland Box Company |
I:2:1: 5:05; II:2:2: 22:00 |
| Miller, William |
I:1:1: 1:30; I:1:2: 0:50 |
| Mills, Willie (Wilhelmina) |
I:1:2: 0:10 |
| Milwaukee |
I:2:1: 10:00; 1:2:2: 18:35-21:30, 25:25-27:20; I:3:1: 10:05-11:50; 1:3:2: 1:05; I:4:1: 24:05; II:1:1: 11:35; 11:1:2: 1:50, 3:55; II:2:1: 13:00, 15:00; II:3:1: 13:05-13:40; II:3:2: 16:10, 28:00; II:4:1: 14:00-14:25 |
| Milwaukee Journal |
I:1:1: 18:15; I:4:1: 24:40; 1:4:2: 21:50; II:2:2: 17:00, 18:50 |
| Minneapolis |
I:4:1: 15:25; II:4:1: 29:15 |
| Minnesota |
I:3:2: 5:25; II:2:1: 16:30 |
| Mississippi |
I:2:1: 23:10, 25:20; II:1:1: 16:15; II:2:2: 2:10 |
| Mitchell, Mr. |
I:1:1: 29:30 |
| Mitchell, Donald |
I:1:2: 30:35-31:40; I:2:2: 3:15 |
| Mitchell, Harry |
I:1:1: 29:20 |
| Mitchell, Herbert |
I:1:1: 29:25 |
| Model T Ford |
II:4:1: 12:35 |
| Monroe, Wisconsin |
II:2:1: 4:55 |
| Moors |
II:2:2: 13:50 |
| Mound Street Gang |
I:4:1: 8:20-8:50 |
| Murphy, Mr. |
I:3:1: 30:00-30:40 |
| Murray, Philip |
II:1:2: 5:25 |
| Nash Automobiles |
11:2:2: 15:45, 18:30; II:4:1: 13:25 |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
I:4:1: 20:00; II:1:1: 24:30; 11:1:2: 10:20; II:2:1: 13:55; II:3:2: 22:50 |
| Nelson, Gaylord |
I:4:2: 0:05-2:10 |
| Nelson Brothers |
I:2:1: 27:15-27:35 |
| New York |
1:3:2: 8:25, 23:10 |
| Newcombe, Don |
1:2:1: 0:50-1:35 |
| Newman, Paul |
1:3:1: 9:35 |
| Norman, Loran |
11:3:2: 19:25 |
| North Dakota |
I:3:2: 5:30 |
| North Shore Railway |
I:3:1: 0:25; II:4:1: 14:20 |
| North side (Racine) |
I:1:1: 11:10; I:4:1: 7:45; II:1:1: 23:05; II:1:2: 26:45; II:2:2: 27:40; II:3:2: 19:15-22:05; 11:4:1: 24:55 |
| North Side Bank |
II:1:1: 6:25 |
| North Western Railway |
II:4:1: 14:20 |
| Odom, Walter |
I:1:1: 24:35 |
| Ohio State University |
II:2:2: 11:00 |
| Old Mound Cemetery |
II:1:1: 3:25 |
| Oliver, Mr. |
1:1:1: 28:35; II:2:1: 29:15 o |
| Olson, Mr. (Mayor of Racine) |
1:4:2: 8:15 |
| Oswald, Russell, |
see Cullen, Oswald |
| Outsider (novel) |
II:1:2: 14:45 |
| Owens, Janett |
I:1:2: 0:60 |
| Ozanne, Robert |
1:4:2: 3:45-4:15 |
| Pabst Brewery, Milwaukee |
II:2:2: 18:05 |
| Park High School |
1:2:2: 4:00; II:2:1: 6:15 |
| Park Street, Madison |
II:3:2: 18:00 |
| Parker, Al |
II:4:1: 12:45 |
| Parker, Clarence |
II:4:1: 13:00 |
| Parker, Joe |
I:1:1: 29:55 |
| Parker boys |
II:4:1: 12:45 |
| Parker Pen Company, Janesville |
II:2:2: 30:30 |
| Parson, Marsela |
I:1:1: 13:15 |
| Parson, Ruth |
I:1:1: 13:15 |
| Parson family |
I:1:1: 12:40-13:10 |
| Payne, Franklin |
I:3:1: 22:55 |
| Phillips, Vel |
II:2:1: 10:35-13:30 |
| Pick Avenue |
I:4:1: 8:45 |
| “Pigmeat” |
I:3:1: 8:35-9:20 |
| Poles |
I:4:1: 7:10; II:2:1: 26:45; II:4:1: 25:15 |
| Porter, Elmer |
I:1:1: 25:25; I:3:1: 26:50; II:1:1: 9:40 |
| Porters Local |
I:4:1: 20:25 |
| Prince Hall (Masons) |
11:3:2: 24:00-25:25 |
| Pringle, “Split” |
1:2:2: 11:30 |
| Profett, Mr. |
I:1:1: 25:55-26:30 |
| Profett, Ida Harding |
I:1:1: 27:35 |
| Prohibition |
I:1:2: 20:05; I:2:2: 23:50 |
| Prospect Street |
I:1:1: 18:55 |
| Protestants |
I:4:1; 7:25 |
| Proxmire, William |
1:4:2: 2:40-3:10; II:2:1: 11:10-11:45 |
| Prudential Building |
II:1:1: 17:55-18:55 |
| Quakers |
1:4:2: 7:35 |
| Quinn, Pat |
II:4:1: 10:40 |
| Racine Belles (team) |
I:2:1: 13:55 |
| Racine City Hall |
II:2:1: 2:20-2:45 |
| Racine County Board |
11:1:2: 18:05-18:30 |
| Racine County Fair |
II:1:1: 8:35 |
| Racine High School |
1:2:2: 4:05 |
| Racine Journal-Times |
II:1:1: 18:15 |
| Racine Pure Milk (team) |
I:2:1: 8:05 |
| Racine Steel Castings (formerly Belle City) |
I:3:2: 4:20-4:40 |
| Racine Street (West Racine Street) |
I:1:1: 11:40-12:00; I:1:2: 17:05; II:1:1: 14:50; II:1:2: 22:30; II:3:2: 19:45 |
| Racine Times-Call |
II:1:1: 18:00 |
| Redford, Robert |
I:3:1: 9:35 |
| Reichert, Hugh |
I:4:2: 7:20-9:30 |
| Reisner, Al |
I:1:1: 30:10 |
| Republican Party |
II:1:2: 25:50 |
| Republicans |
1:4:2: 2:55; II:1:2: 28:25-30:00; II:2:1: 0:00-1:05, 4:55, 21:15; II:4:1: 10:15 |
| Reuther, Walter |
1:3:2: 6:20; II:3:1: 12:50 |
| Ripon, Wisconsin |
II:2:2: 4:15-6:35 |
| Ritt, Arthur |
II:2:2: 10:15 |
| Riverside Theatre (Milwaukee) |
I:2:2: 26:05 |
| Rizzo, Sam |
I:3:1: 27:50-28:55; 1:3:2: 0:30-1:10; II:3:1: 11:50 |
| Robinson, Reverend |
I:3:2: 29:40-31:20; II:4:1: 19:15 |
| Rock County, Wisconsin |
II:2:2: 4:45 |
| Rogers Park |
II:3:2: 30:20 |
| Ross, Mr. |
II:2:2: 29:40-30:00; II:3:1: 1:20-2:55, 4:05 |
| Rothchilds Department Store (Chicago) |
II:1:2: 16:15-16:35 |
| Russia |
1:4:2: 22:15; II:1:2: 13:15-13:35, 17:15-17:35 |
| St. Louis |
II:1:1: 26:25 |
| Savoy Ballroom (Chicago) |
II:1:2: 15:30 |
| Savoy Five (team) |
I:2:2: 10:50-11:10 |
| School for Workers (Univ. of Wis., Madison) |
I:4:2: 3:30; II:1:2: 8:40 |
| School Without Walls, |
see Dominican College |
| Schwartz, Jay |
II:1:1: 22:35 |
| Schwarztrauber, Ernie |
I:4:2: 3:20-3:40 |
| Scottish Rites (Masons) |
II:3:2: 24:05-25:25 |
| Scout Woods |
I:4:1: 5:50-6:10 |
| Seft Coal Company |
I:2:1: 8:20; I:2:2: 0:20 |
| Seft, Mr. |
I:2:1: 8:25-8:55 |
| Sell, Dick |
II:2:2: 13:10-13:35, 14:00 |
| Seventeenth Street |
I:1:1: 11:50; I:1:2: 17:05; II:3:2: 19:45 |
| Shamshoian, Eddy |
II:4:1: 0:00-1:15, 2:40-4:40 |
| Shelton, George |
11:1:2: 14:05 |
| Shepard, Kenneth |
I:1:1: 30:05 |
| Silver Street |
I:3:2: 29:55 |
| Simmons Company |
II:2:2: 15:50 |
| Sixth Street |
II:3:2: 21:30 |
| Sixth Ward |
I:3:1: 22:10 |
| Smith, Arnett |
I:1:1: 28:40 |
| Smith, Elmer |
I:1:1: 28:35; II:3:2: 15:45 |
| Smith, Hale |
I:1:1: 28:40 |
| Smith, Houston |
I:1:2: 1:05 |
| Smith, Ned |
I:1:1: 28:30 |
| Snorten family |
I:1:1: 25:45 |
| South |
I:1:1: 22:45; I:2:1: 24:40-25:15; 1:2:2: 26:55-27:25; I:3:1: 25:20-26:20; II:1:1: 25:25; II:2:2: 1:40, 18:20; II:3:1: 6:15; II:3:2: 14:15 |
| South Bend, Indiana |
I:2:2: 19:10 |
| South Dakota |
I:3:2: 5:30 |
| South side (Racine) |
I:1:1: 11:15; I:2:1: 7:40; I:3:2: 18:50-20:25; I:4:1: 7:40; II:1:2: 26:40; II:3:2: 19:10, 21:20-22:05; II:4:1: 25:15 |
| South Side Revitalization Corporation |
I:3:2: 15:45-16:45, 18:10-19:15; II:1:1: 28:15 |
| Southern Colony |
II:1:1: 26:30 |
| Standard Foundry |
I:1:1: 0:35; II:2:2: 1:35 |
| State Street |
I:4:1: 4:00-4:35; II:1:2: 20:45; II:2:1: 3:15; II:3:2: 20:25 |
| Steinman, Lee |
II:2:2: 5:05, 5:55-6:50 |
| Stevenson, Ishmael |
I:3:1: 26:55 |
| Stewart, John |
II:1:1: 1:05, 5:55 |
| Stewart, Mrs. John |
II:1:1: 1:05-2:10, 2:55-6:00, 14:35 |
| Stewart family |
II:1:1: 14:30 |
| Sting (film) |
I:3:1: 9:30 |
| Strong family |
I:1:1: 25:45 |
| Supka, Chuck |
I:2:1: 17:05 |
| Tandy, Mr. |
I:1:1: 25:2_5 |
| Taylor, Clifford E. (“Wop”) |
II:2:2: 4:40-5:30, 7:15-10:05 |
| Teamsters Union |
II:2:1: 28:45 |
| Thirteenth Street |
I:1:1: 11:35 |
| Thomas, Clyde |
II:4:1: 1.4:30 |
| Thomas, Joe |
I:1:1: 27:55 |
| Thomas, “Keg” |
I:4:1: 1:10 |
| Thomas family |
I:1:1: 12:35, 27:50; II:4:1: 12:25 |
| Tolan, Eddy |
II:2:2: 11:00 |
| Troestler, Bill |
II:2:1: 22:15 |
| Tucker, Mr. |
II:4:1: 12:35 |
| Turks |
II:4:1: 3:50-4:40 |
| Turner, Clarence (“Slick”) |
I:1:1: 1:45; I:1:2: 11:35, 25:05, 28:55 |
| Turner, Harry |
I:1:2: 26:15-27:15 |
| Turner, Manzee |
I:2:2: 1:25, 2:35, 5:45 |
| Turner, Nelson (“Foots”) |
I:1:2: 24:55, 25:05-25:45; 1:2:1: 8:05; I:2:2: 2:35 |
| Turner, Thaddeus |
I:1:2: 11:30-12:25, 25:00-26:20; I:2:1: 20:00, 23:20; I:4:1: 12:50 |
| Twelfth Street |
I:1:1: 11:35 |
| Twelfth Street Park (Washington Park) |
I:2:1: 15:30 |
| Tyree, Mr. |
II:2:1: 28:00 |
| Union High School |
II:2:1: 6:55 |
| United Auto Workers (see also Foundry Council) |
I:3:2: 7:45; I:4:2: 6:40-7:05, 8:55, 12:35, 17:05; II:1:2: 5:30, 7:05; II:2;1: 20:15, 28:40; II:2:2: 28:55-30:00; II:3:1: 7:30-7:50, 9:50, 10:50, 13:40 |
| United Auto Workers Education Committee (Local 553) |
I:3:2: 2:05-2:30 |
| United Auto Workers International |
I:3:2: 6:05 |
| United Fund |
II:2:1: 14:45-18:30 |
| University of Wisconsin (Madison) |
I:3:2: 22:55; I:4:2: 4:05, 26:50; II:2:2: 5:30; II:4:1: 10:40 |
| University of Wisconsin Extension |
II:1:2: 8:05 |
| Uphoff, Walter |
II:1:2: 8:35 |
| Urban League |
II:1:1: 28:35 |
| Vincent, Louie |
II:3:2: 3:40-4:35 |
| Walter, Wilbur |
II:3:1: 13:10 |
| Walworth County, Wisconsin |
II:2:1: 4:45 |
| Ware, Buster |
I:3:1: 10:05-11:45 |
| Washington Avenue (Madison) |
II:3:2: 18:00 |
| Washington, D. C. |
II:1:2: 1:55, 10:10 |
| Washington Park, |
see Twelfth Street Park |
| Waukegan |
I:2:2: 11:40-12:25, 13:45, 19:05, 22:25; II:1:1: 11:35; II:3:1: 11:20 |
| Waupun, Wisconsin |
I:2:1: 11:40-12:25 |
| Weaver, John |
I:1:1: 29:50; 1:2:2: 1:15, 3:05, 5:50, 6:10, 12:45-13:05 |
| Weaver, Tom |
I:1:1: 29:50 |
| West side |
II:3:2: 20:45; II:4:1: 16:35, 25:40 |
| West Side Laundry |
II:1:2: 20:45 |
| West Virginia |
II:2:2: 1:55 |
| Western Printing Company |
I:4:1: 8:55; 11:3:2: 20:05 |
| Western Printing (team) |
1:2:2: 11:00 |
| Westmoreland, Joe |
I:2:1: 0:25-0:45 |
| Westmoreland, Willus |
I:1:2: 13:15-14:05; I:2:1: 4:30, 12:50-14:35 |
| Wilhelmina, |
see Mills, Willie |
| Wilkening, Len |
II:2:1: 16:30-18:30 |
| Williams, Blaine |
I:1:2: 0:20 |
| Williams, Reverend |
II:4:1: 20:00-21:20 |
| Wilson Street |
I:4:1: 8:45 |
| Wisconsin |
I:3:2: 5:20; II:1:1: 11:50; II:3:1: 8:50 |
| Woodcock, Leonard |
II:2:1: 28:55 |
| Wooley, Leroy |
I:3:1: 21:40-23:00; II:1:1: 25:55; 11:1:2: 10:00-11:55, 26:10; II:2:1: 7:55; II:3:2: 25:25 |
| Works Progress Administration |
11:1:2: 1:35, 4:10-5:15; II:4:1: 22:25 |
| World War II |
I:3:1: 25:15-26:10; I:3:2: 3:05; I:4:2: 17:35; II:1:2: 23:00-24:55; 11:2:2: 22:40, 26:40-27:00; II:3:2: 19:00-20:30; II:4:1: 0:10-0:60 |
| Wright, Mr. (Beloit) |
II:2:2: 12:15; II:3:1: 3:45-4:40 |
| Wright, Mrs. |
(Beloit), II:3:1: 3:55 |
| Wright, Richard |
II:1:2: 14:30 |
| Wyoming |
1:3:2: 5:30 |
| Yarber, George |
I:1:1: 23:45 |
| Yarber, Jim |
II:2:1: 29:25-30:15 |
| Yarber, Sylvester |
I:1:1: 23:40; 1:2:1: 0:50-2:15 |
| Young, Bill |
II:3:1: 27:40, 29:05-30:50; II:3:2: 0:15, 1:35, 4:30, 7:15-8:10 |
| Young, Mr. |
II:2:2: 27:45 |
| Young Radiator Company |
11:2:2: 27:40-28:50; II:3:2: 20:05 |
|
