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DISCUSSION.                         4a
Prof. Taylor-Now, about the wind- in diameter, they grow downward as
break. There is another point on which well as upward, and so the top is
apt
the majority of opinion is wrong. The to get close to the ground.
fact is that much more damage is     Mr. Kellogg-Are there any five
done by the south winds than by the Russian apples that are good for any-
west winds. I should put a wind- thing in Nebraska?
break on one side only and that      Prof. Taylor-Well, the    Yellow
would be on the south, because the Transparent is the best, I think. It
hot summer winds come from that di- blights very badly in  certain years,
rection, and  the temperature  in but, as it gets older, it seems to get
spring rises through the day and gets away from that bad habit, so that if
hotter than it ought to be sometimes; it lives until it is six or eight years
the winds from the south are the ones old, it seems to survive, so that we
that  cause injury.  I consider a consider that a very valuable thing
south windbreak desirable, providing for an extremely early summer ap-
you do not let it get too large so that ple.
it stops the circulation of air.  I  Mr. Kellogg-Will you name five of
think  a great deal more damage is the best Russians that you know of
done in general by windbreaks, than for the Northwest?
good.                                Prof. Taylor-To do so might leave
Mr. Kellogg-I wish to     protest me in the position of recommending
against the Professor's recommend- them for general planting, and   I
lug the Alabama Duchess for Wiscon- should not do that unless I wished to
sin.                               include them with   perhaps fifteen
Prof. Taylor-I did not; what I said varieties of American sorts. I do not
was that I would as soon have them  know of any  five Russian  varieties
grown in Alabama as from Hudson's that I should want to plant ahead of
Bay. I said that it was equally any five, ten, or fifteen   American
as risky to bring them from the far sorts.
north as from the far south.         Mr. Kellogg-Do you know of five
Mr. Reed-Would you advise plant- American sorts to recommend for the
ing an apple tree five years old?  northwest-anywhere in this state-
Prof. Taylor-No, I would not. My the northern portion of it?
own choice for an apple tree would   Prof. Taylor-I do not think I
be one not to exceed two years of age. should want to make up a list for
the
I would wish that it be a simple northern portion of Wisconsin at all
whip, just a straight tree. It' ought I do not know enough about it.
to be four or five feet in height at  A Member-What do you consider
that age, without any branches; then the best kind of graft?
you can  form the top just exactly   Prof. Taylor-I believe in piece root
where you want it. I think the most grafting, using a very long cion and
successful orchard growers plant at a short root, so that the tree is practi-
about two years.                   cally  a cutting growing on its own
Mr. Reed-Is it also a fact that root.
trees planted so that the tops will be  Mr. Boynton-We find some of our
two or three feet from the ground, most valuable orchards are protected
make the best style of tree?       by evergreen belts on two sides, some
Prof. Taylor-Yes, I would   want on one side. In Minnesota they say
three feet to be about the minimum, that the most successful orchards are
because the top tends to get lower also protected on the north and west
rather than higher. Of coaurse, you sides. We find it does not cut off the
knoew that ks the branches increase circulation that is necessary, unless
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