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 164 A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES  IV 
capture by Hãrün ar-Rashid in 796, and some characteristic Armenian
rounded towers; a narrow col joins the two enceintes and on it stands a rectangular
tower, dated by an inscription to 1188. At Sarvantikar, which was in Antiochene
hands from 1185 to 1194, the keep may be Frankish work. Lampron, north of
Tarsus, was the center of a powerful fief and many of its living rooms are
still standing, inside two rounded towers above the rock moat. Vailka, on
an outcrop of rock, has round towers of comparatively slight projection,
machicolations, and a right-angled entrance: the main building stage can
probably be assigned to the prosperous reign of Leon II (1187-1219). At Corycus
(Le Courc, Gorigos) there is an island fortress, partially built, according
to an inscription, by Hetoum I in 1251, joined at one time by an aqueduct
to a land citadel that incorporates a Roman gateway and a tower with a classical
doorway. 
 Farther west, in the sweep of the bay of Pamphylia, three fortified sites,
still strikingly preserved, Adalia (Antalya), ' Alaya (Alanya), and Anamur,
still have mucil thirteenth-century work, but Selchükid, not Armenian.
' Alaya, or more correctly ' Alã'iyah, takes its name from the Selchükid
sultan ' Alä'-ad-Din Kai-Kobäd I (1220-1237), a great builder,
whose octagonal tower, walls, and citadel still stand in remarkable completeness.
Anamur still awaits exhaustive study, and certainly its excellent repair
is partially due to later rebuilding (vol. II, 1962 ed., p1. lb), but its
main plan and much of the work date from this impressive if brief period
of Selchükid building initiative.37 
 No short summary can do justice to the tangled problem of crusading castles.
Making the fullest allowance for previous work and native skill, the crusaders
showed a resourcefulness and determina tion in building which must always
be a considerable factor in any assessment of their achievement. The narrow
stretch of country from the Taurus mountains to the gulf of Aqaba contains
some of the most impressive of surviving medieval fortifications. That the
crusaders were innovators in methods of defense remains unproven. They borrowed
eclectically from the west and the east, from the present and the past, and
they learned from a prolonged and rarely broken experience. They accomplished
such achievements as Krak des Chevaliers, and, whatever the origin of its
details, they were by then master builders. 
 37. Seton Lloyd and D. Storm Rice, Alanya (' Ala'iyya) (British Institute
of Archaeology at Ankara, Occasional Publications, 4; London, 1958).