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Wolff, R. L.; Hazard, H. W. (ed.) / The later Crusades, 1189-1311
(1969)
I: The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades, pp. 2-43
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I THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY AND THE CRUSADES there was much in the geography, resources, and traditions of the Norman kingdom of Sicily in the twelfth century to recommend it as a valuable bulwark of the crusades. Armies bound for Constantinople could use its Adriatic ports for the passage to Durazzo (Dyrrachium) or Avlona, whence they could take the Via Egnatia to On the sources for the history of the Normans in Italy, see F. Chalandon, Histoire de la domination normande en Italic et en Sicile (a vols., Paris, 1907), I, introduction. A more recent survey may be found in P. Kehr, Italia Pontificia, VIII (Berlin, 1935), I-5. The following are the most important general accounts of southern Italy in the Norman period: Falco of Benevento, Chronicon de rebus aetate sua gestis (ed. G. Del Re, Cronisti e scrittori, I [Naples, 1845], 16 1-252; for other editions, see Chalandon, Domination normande, I, xli-xlvi; on Falco, the only native historian with an outright hostility to the Norman dynasty, see E. Gervasio, "Falcone Beneventano e la sua cronica," Bolletino dell' Istituto Storico Italiano, LIV 1-128); Alexander of Telese, De rebus gestis Rogerii Siciliae regis (ed. G. Del Re, Cronisti e scrittori, I, 85-146); Hugo Falcandus, Liber de regno Siciliae (ed. G. B. Siragusa, FSI, XXII [Rome, 1897]; on Falco of Benevento, Alexander of Telese, and Hugo Falcandus, see A. Pagano, Studi di letteratura latina medievale [Nicotera, 1931]; and on the possibility that Hugo was the admiral Eugenius, see E. Jamison, Admiral Eugenius of Sicily . . . and the Authorship of. . . "Historia Hugonis Falcandi Siculi" [London, 1957], pp. 233-277; but compare review by Lynn White, Jr., in AHR, LXIII [1957-1958], 645-647); Romuald Guarna of Salerno, Chronicon (ed. C. A. Garufi, RISS, VII, 1914-1935); and Peter of Eboli, De rebus Siculis carmen (ed. E. Rota, RISS, XXXI, 1904). Of the annalistic works written in southern Italy, the most important are: Annales Cavenses and Annales Beneventani (MGH, SS., III); Lupus Protospatarius Barensis, Rerum gestarum breve chronicon (MGH, SS., V); Petri Diaconi chronica monasterii Casinensis (MGH, SS., VII); Annales Casinenses and Annales Ceccanenses (MGH, SS., XIX). Other sources will be cited below. The Arabic sources relating to Sicily are collected and translated by M. Amari, Biblioteca arabo-sicula (2 vols., Turin and Rome, 1880-1881), hereafter referred to as BAS. Works of comprehensive character, or dealing with background problems for the whole period covered in this chapter, are: M. Amari, Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia (and ed. revised by the author and ed. by C. A. Nallino, 3 vols., Catania, 1933-1939); Chalandon, Domination normande; C. H. Haskins, The Normans in European History (Boston, 1915), chaps. VII, VIII; idem, "England and Sicily in the Twelfth Century," English Historical Review, XXVI (191 1), 43 3-447, 641-665; W. Cohn, Das Zeitalter der Normannen in Sizilien (Bonn and Leipzig, 1920); J. B. Villars, Les Normands en Méditerranée (Paris, 1951); idem, "I Normanni dalle origini," Archivio storico siciliano, ser. 3, IV (1950-1951), 399-413; K. A. Kehr, "Die Belehnungen der suditalienischen Normannenfursten durch die Papste (1059-1192)," Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Kl. (1934), no. I; Il Regno normanno (Conferenze tenute in Palermo per l'VIII centenario deli' incoronazione di Ruggero a Re di Sicilia, Messina and Milan, 1932); C. Cahen, Le Régime 3
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