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XVIII 
THE KINGDOM OF CILICIAN 
ARMENIA 
 n the course of the eleventh century large numbers of the Armenian population
left their homeland and migrated west and southwest of the Euphrates, to
regions already settled by Arme nians at an earlier period. The first important
wave of emigrants accompanied the kings of Vaspurkan, Ani, and Kars, and
other 
 Extracts and translations of the principal Armenian sources are collected
in RHC, Arm., I. 
To these should be added: V. A. Hakopian, Short Chronicles (in Armenian;
a vols., Erevan, 
1951—1956; the first volume of this publication has a critical edition
of the Chronology of 
Heçoum [pp. 65-101], attributed by the editor to king Heçoum
II instead of to Heçoum 
["Hayton"] the historian); and R. P. Blake and R. N. Frye (eds.), History
of the Nation of the 
Archers (the Mongols) by Grigor of Akanc' (Cambridge, Mass.,  
 The anonymous Cilician Chronicle, preserved in a manuscript of the Mekhitharist
Library in Venice and referred to by Alishan as the Royal Chronicle, is a
most important source. The complete photographs, made for the late Robert
P. Blake and lent by him to Professor Joseph Skinner, were put at the author's
disposal by the latter, together with his translation; she wishes to express.
her sincere thanks to him. Since the present chapter was written, the Venice
manuscript has been published by S. Akelian, under the title Chronicle of
the General Sempad (in Armenian; Venice-San Lazzaro, 1956). Miss Der Nersessian,
the author of this chapter, has retained in both the text and the footnotes
the former designation of "Cilician Chronicle" but has given the page references
to Akelian's edition. For an identi fication of this published text with
Alishan's "Royal Chronicle" and its attribution to Sempad, cf. S. Der Nersessian,
"The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the ' Royal 
Historian'," Dumbarton Oaks Papers, XIII 143—168. 
 Among the sources one should include the colophons of manuscripts, which
often give valuable historical information: Garegin I Hovsepian, Colophons
of Manuscripts (in Armenian; Antilias, 1951), with colophons down to the
year 1250; and L. S. Khachikian, Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts of the
XIVth century (in Armenian; Erevan, 1950). For various charters and other
acts, see: V. Langlois, Le Trésor des chartes d'Armenie (Paris, 1863);
Cornelio Desimoni, "Actes passes en 1271, 1274. et 1279 a l'AIas (Petite
Arménie) et a Beyrouth par devant des notaires génois," Archives
de l'orient latin, I, 434—534; and L. Alishan, L'Armeno— Veneto
(a vols., Venice - San Lazzaro, 1893). 
 The principal Syriac sources are the anonymous chronicle translated by A.
S. Tritton and H. A. R. Gibb, "The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous
Syriac Chronicle," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1933, pp. 69—10
1, 273—305; Michael the Syrian (tr. J. B. Chabot, Chronique de Michel
le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, 3 vols., Paris, 1899—  Armenian
version, tr. V. Langlois, Chronique de Michel le Grand, Venice, 1868); and
Bar Hebraeus (tr. E. A. Wallis Budge, The Chronography of Gregory Abu 'l
Faraj 
commonly known as Bar Hebraeus, Oxford, 1932). 
 The principal Arabic sources are: Abu'l-Fidã', Kitãb al-mukhtasar
(extracts in RHC, Or., I, 1-1 15); Ibn-al-Athir, Al-kamil fi-t-ta'rikh (extracts
in RHC, Or., I, 187—744, and II, part x); Ibn-al-Qalanisi, Dhail ta'rikh
Dimashq (extracts translated by H. A. R. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle of
the Crusades, London, 1932, and by R. Le Tourneau, Damas de 1075 d 1154,
Paris, 1952); al-Jazari, Hawadith az-zaman (extracts and summaries by J.
Sauvaget, La 
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