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Wolff, R. L.; Hazard, H. W. (ed.) / The later Crusades, 1189-1311
(1969)
X: The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century, pp. 343-375
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Page 343
x THE POLITICAL CRUSADES OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY hat is a political crusade? In one sense, of course, every crusade is political, for every crusade aims at conquest, at replacing the rule of unbelievers by that of Christians. But there is an obvious difference between a crusade against the Saracens — or even against the Albigensians — and a crusade against Manfred or Peter of Aragon. In the first case, political means are being used for a The political crusades are so closely connected with the general history of the thirteenth century that a complete bibliography would be impossibly long. The most important docu ments are in the papal registers. Those of Innocent III were edited by Bréquigny and reprinted in Migne; the registers of most of the other thirteenth-century popes have been published by the Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. J. L. A. Huillard-Bréholles published the acts of Frederick II and his sons in the Historia diplomatica Friderici secundi (7 vols. in 2, Paris, 1852-1861). J. F. Böhmer, Regesta imperii, V: Die Regesten . . . 1198—1272 (ed. Julius Ficker, 2 parts, Innsbruck, 1881-1882) contains useful material, especially for the period after 1250. The MGH for this period give not only important chronicles, but also some collections of documents such as the Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum (Legum Sect., IV), and the Acta pacis ad S. Germanum anno MCCXXX initae (Epistolae selectae, IV). Italian chronicles may be found in the MGH or in Muratori, RISS. The important life of Innocent IV by Nicholas of Carbio (or Curbio) was first published by Muratori (RISS, III); there is a better edition by Pagnotti in the Archivio della Societa romana di storia patria, XXI (1898). English chronicles are in the Rolls Series; of these, Matthew Paris is especially impor tant for the documents given in his Additamenta (vol. VI of the Rolls Series edition). French chronicles are printed in the RHGF; this series also includes useful documents, especially on the crusade of 1285. The Layettes du trésor des chartes and Winkelmann's Acta imperii inedita (Innsbruck, 1880—1885) contain less than might be expected. The same may be said of the documents of the Angevin kings edited by G. Del Giudice, C. Minieri Riccio, and G. Silvestri. There is some useful material in I. Carini, Gli Archivi e le biblioteche di Spagna, in rapporto alla storia d'Italia in generale e di Sicilia in particolare (Palermo, 1884—1897). Finally, the letters of Albert von Beham, edited by C. Höfler (Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, XVI, 1847) throw some light on German affairs in the 1240's. The only book which gives a general survey of material covered in this chapter is H. Pis sard, La Guerre sainte en pays chrétien (Paris, 1912), and Pissard is more concerned with the development of canonical doctrine than with the details of the crusades. In spite of its title, O. Yolk's Die abendlandisch-hierarchische Kreuzzugsidee (Halle, 1911) refers to our topic only occasionally. It does discuss the inchoate political crusades of the eleventh century, and for this problem P. Rousset, Les Origines et les caractères de la premiere croisade (Neuchâtel, 1945) and C. Erdmann. Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (Stuttgart, 1935) should also be consulted. E. Jordan, L'Allemagne etl'Italie au XII6 et XIIIe siecles (Paris, n.d.) and K. Hampe, Deutsche Kaisergeschichte in der Zeit der Salier und Staufer (Leipzig, n.d.) are both excellent 343
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