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Chambers, Ephraim, 1680 (ca.)-1740 / Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences : containing the definitions of the terms, and accounts of the things signify'd thereby, in the several arts, both liberal and mechanical, and the several sciences, human and divine : the figures, kinds, properties, productions, preparations, and uses, of things natural and artificial : the rise, progress, and state of things ecclesiastical, civil, military, and commercial : with the several systems, sects, opinions, &c : among philosophers, divines, mathematicians, physicians, antiquaries, criticks, &c : the whole intended as a course of antient and modern learning
(1728)
The preface, pp. I [i]-xxx
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Page iii
The P R E F A C iA gin; but this in a loofer manner, to prevent the Embarrafs of an Analyfis fo complex and diffuive as this muft prove. Some of the principal Heads of each Kind will here come in fight, and fuch as will naturally fuggeft, and lead to the reft; fo that this will afford the Reader a fort of Summary of the Whole: And at the fame time will difpenfe a kind of auxiliary or fuccedaneous Order thro'out the Whole ; the numerous Articles omitted, all naturally enough ranging themselves to their proper Places among thefe. A Detail of this Kind is of the more Confequence, as it may not only fupply the Office of a Table of Contents, by prefenting the difpyrfed Materials of the Book in one View; but alfo that of a Direcory, by indicating the Order they are moft advanta- geoufly read in.-----Note, then, That the initial Articles here, tally to the final ones of the Analyfis and that the feveral Members hereof, are fo many Heads in the Book. I METEOROLOGY, or the Hiftory of AIR and ATMO- SP H ER E: including, O, that of its Contents, AEther, Fire, Vapour, Ex- halation, &c. 0, Meteors form'd therein, as Cloud, Rain, Shower, Drop, Snow, Hail, Dew, Damp, &c. Rainbow, Parhelion, Halo, Thunder, Water-fposut, &c. Winds, Mon-foon Hurricane, and the like. 2 H Y DR O L O G Y, or the Hiftory of W A T E R ; including that of springs, Rivers, Acidula, &c. of Lake, Sea, Ocean, &c. of Tides, Deluge, and the like. 3 MINEROLOGY, or theHiftory Of EARTH; f1, ItsParts, as Mountain, Mine, Mofs, Bog, Grotto e and their Phxnomena, as Earth, quake, Volcano, Confiagration,, &c. Its Strata, as Clay, Bole, sand- &c. Z., Fofflis or Minerals, as Metals, Gold, Silver, Mercury, &c. with Operations relating to 'em, as Fufion, Refining, Purifying, Parting, Ejfaying, &c. Litharge, Lavatory, Pinea, &c. Salts, as Nitre, Na- tron, Gemma, Allum, Armoniac, Borax, &c. Sulphurs, as Arfenic, AMember, Ambergreafe, Coal, Bitumen, Naphtha, Petrol, &c. Semi- metals, as Antimony, Cinnabar, Marcafjte, Magnet, Bi/muth, Calamine, Cobalt, &cc Stones, as Marble, Porphyry, Slate, AsbeJios, &c. Gems, as Diamond, Ruby, Emerald, Opal, Turcoifre, &c. Emery, Lapis, &c. whence Ultramarine, Azure, &c. Petrifaltions, as Cryflal, Spar, Stalaclites, Trochites, Cornu Ammonis, and the like. 4 PHYTOLOGY, or theHiftory of PLANTS; their Origin, in the Seed, Fruit, &c. Their Kinds, as Tree, Herb, 8cc. extraordinary Species, as Tea, Cofee, Paraguay, VineGinfengcottonTobacco, &c. Coral, MutJhroom, Truffle, Parafite, MiflIelto, Mofs, &c. Parts, as Root, Stone, Flower; Wood, as Guaiacum, Saffafras, Ebeny, Aloes, &c. Leaf, as Foliation, Roll, &c. Bark, ßuinquina, &c. Piflil, Farina, Stamina, &c. Operations thereof, as Vegetation, Germination, Cir- culation, &c. Circumftances, as Perpendicularity, Parallelifm, Fer- sility, &c. Produfions, as Honey, Wax, Balm, Sugar, Manna, &c. Gum, Reirsx, Camphor, &c. Indigo, Opium, Galls, and the like. S Z O O L O G Y, or the Hiftory of A'N I M A L S: Their Origin in Egg, Embryo, Fxtus, Generation, Conception, Geflation, Hatching, Migra- ton, &c. Their Kinds, as Quadruped, Bird, Fijh, Infecl, Reptile, Rumi- nant, Carnivorous, &c. Extraordinary Species, as Unicorn, Torpedo, Tarantula, Tortoife, Cameleon, Salamander, &c. Barnacle, Anchovy, Death-Watch, 8cc. Monfters, as Double Animals, Hermaphrodite, Mule, Pigmy, Giant, &c. Metamorphofes, as Aurelia, Metempfychofis, &c. Parts, as Read, Hand, Foot, Finger, Tail, Fin, Wing, Gills, &c. Covering, as Hair, Wool, silk, Feathers, &c. Armature, as Nail, Sting, Horn, Tooth, Shell, Probofrcis, Web, 8cc. Produ&ions, as Pearl, Bezoard, Cafloremm, Civet, Meconium, Mummy, Ufnea, &c. Kermes, Cochineal, 8c. Motion, as Flying, Swimming, and the like. 6 PHYSICS, orthe Dofrineof CAUSES; as Nature, Law, &c. Occafions or Means, as Principle, Matter, Form, &c. Their Compofition or Conflitution, in Element, Atom, Particle, Body. Chaos, World, Univerfe, Space, Vacuum, &c. Properties of Body, as Extenjion, solidity, Figure, Divifjbility, &c. Powers thereof, as At- tratlion, Cohejion, Gravitation, Repulfion. Elaflicity, Elellricity, Magne- tifm, &c. Qualities, as Fluidity, Firmnefs, Dutlility, Hardnefs, Volatility, Denfity, Polarity, &c. Light, Heat, Cold, &c. Operations or Effeffs thereof, as Motion, Rarefatiion, Dilatation, Condenfation. Di#folution, Ebullition, Freezing, Evaporation, Fermentation, Digeftion, Effervefcence, &c. Vifion, Seeing, Hearing, Feeling, Smelling, &c. Modifications or Changes, as Alteration, Corruption, Putrefattion, Generation, Degene- ration, Tran/mutation, &c. Syftems or Hypothefes hereof, Corpsecu lar, Epicurean, Ariftotelian, Peripatetic, cartefian, Ne'wtonian, &c.- Occult and Fifitious Qualities, Powers, and Operations, Antipe. riflajis, Sympathy, Antipathy. Archams, &c. Magic, Witchcraft, Vir- gula Divina, Ligature, Taifman, Cabbala, &c. Druid, Bard, Brach- man, Gymnofophifl, Magi, Roficrucian, and the like. ' M E T A P H Y S I C S, or the Dofrine of E N s, FfJence, Exif- tence, Power, .lc, Underfianding, 8c.-The M I N D, Its Facul- ties, Apprehesfion, Yudgment, Imagination, Reafon, Wit, &c. Its Operations, Retention, Refletlion, Affociation, Abftralion, &c. Its Perceptions, as Subfiance, Accident, Mode, &c. Relations, as Unity, Multitude, Infinity, Univerfal, &c. buantity, !Rality, whole, Part, &c. Genus, Species, Diference, &c. Proper, Oppofie, Circumifance, External, &c. Ef~eks hereof, Knowledge, Science, Art, Experience, &c. Conditions, Probability, Certaint y, al c. Syems here- of, Nominal:, Scotijis, &c. S ARITHMETIC, includVjgtheDo&rineof DISCRETE or Difcontinuous QU A N T I T Y, ViZ. Number, RatioProportion,&c. Kinds, as Integer, Fraclion, Decimal, Surd, &c. Relations, as Root, Power, Square, cube, Jcc. Rules or Operations thereof, as Notation, Numeration, Addition, Smbtraaeion, 8cc. Redmaion, PratHie, Pofition, ecC. Extraflion, Approximation, &c. Inftruments fubfervient theretoj as Logarithmns, Nepair's Bones, &c. 9 A N A L Y T I C S, or the Refolution of P RiO B L E M S by Species or Symbolical Expreffions: Rules or Operations hereof, Ad. dition, Subtraffion, Multiplication, &c. Application thereof, in Com- binations, Permutations, Magic Squares, Chances, Gaming, &c. Se- riess ProgreJfions, &c. Methods de Maximis, Fluxions, Exponentialsi Tangents, &c. A L G E B R A, or the Doflrine of E qU A T I O N s; Simple, qLuadratic, Cubic, &c. Operations thereof, as Red tion, Cats- firutaion, &c. " G E O M E T R Y, or the Do&rine of E x T E N D E D, or Continu- OuS Qu ANTI T Y ViZ. If, Lines, Right, Perpendicular, Paralleloblique, &c. Angles, Acute, Scalenous, Vertical, Oppofite, &c. .0, Figures, or Surfaces, Triangle, Square, Parallelogram, Trapezium, Polygon, &c. Circumftances hereof, as Perimeter, Area, &c. Operations relating hereto, as Biffeling, Dividing, Multiplying, Meafuring, &c. In- firuments ufed therein, as Compalfes, Ruler, Square, Parallelifm, Scale, &c. Curves, as Circle, Cycloid, Ciffoid, Catenaria, Cauflic, Evolute, 6Zyadratrix, &c. Circumftances thereof, as Axis, Diameter, Radius, Centre, Circumference, Ab/cifs, Ordinate, &c. Arch, Chord, Sine: Tangent, Secant, &c. Initruments ufed herein, as Artificial Lines, Canons, &c. Operations arifing herefrom, as Surveying, taking An- gles or Bearings, &c. with &éuadrant, Plain-Table, Semicircle, Circam- ferentor, &cc. taking Di/lances, with Chain, Perambulator, &c. Plot- ting into Draught, Map, &c. with Protraaior, 8cc. 30, Solids or Bodies, as Cube, Parallelopiped, Prifm, Pyramid, Cylinder, Polyhedron, &c. Their Surface, Solidity, &c. Operations relating hereto, as Cu- bature, meafuring of Timber, Gauging, &c. Inftruments ufed herein, as Carpenters Rule, Setlor, Sliding Rule, Gauging Rod, &c.-- The Sphere, its Doftrine, Projeftiion, &c. Application thereof, in Plani- fiphere, Analemma, &c... The Cone, its Seaions, Ellipfis, Parabola, Hyperbola, &c. Their Afyj'mptotes, Foci, &c. Their Confirutlion, ßLysadrature, Relification, &c. S T A T I C S, or the Doflrine of M o T I O N; Its Laws, Veloci- ty, Momentum, &c. Caufes, as Gravity, Percuflion, Communication, 8cc. Modifications, as Compofition, Acceleration, Retardation, Refieefion, Refraccion, &c. Kinds, as Aficnt, Defcent, Central, centripetal, &c. Ofcillation, Undulation, Projeclion, &c. Powers or Applications there- of; in Lever, Screw, &c. Pendulum, Projeflile, &c. Operations dire&ed hereby, as Gunnery, the Mechanical Arts, &c. enumerated hereafter. '3 E T H I C S, or the Confideration of Natural Inclinations, Paf fions,Tafles, &c. Objefts thereof, as Good, Evil, Virtue, Vice, Beauty, Deformity, &c. Pkafure, Pain, &c. Refitude, Equity, Confcience, &c. Law, Obligation, &c. Will, Liberty, AFlion, Ajfent, &c. Necejfity, Pre- motion, Providence, &c. Syftems hereof, Stoicsfm, Platonifm, Acade- my, Cynic, and the like. '4 POLICY, or the Confideration of SOCIETY and COM- M 0 N W E A L; Its Origin, in Contraa, &c. Conftiutions and Forms thereof, as, 10, Monarchy, Defpoti/m, &c. Powers thereof, King, Rueen, Prince, Duke. Emperor, Sultan, sophy, Caliph, Ca/ar, Czar, Tnca, Ethnarch, Tetrarch, Defpot, and the like. Their Ttiles, Majefly, Highnefs, Grace, Excellence, and the like, Their Regalia, Crowni Sceptre, Tiara, Fafces,&c. af, Ariftocracy; its Powers, asArchon, Dic- tator, Doge, enate, Council, &c. 30, Democracy; States-General, Stadt holder, ProtebIor, &cc. Their Succeflion, Eletlive, Hereditary, by Pri.~ mogeniture, &c. Their Tranfaftions, as Peace, War, Treaty, Union, League, Croifade, &c. By Armies, Fleets, Embaffies. Secretary, Ple- nipotentiary, Envoy, Legate, Nuntio, &c. Their Territories, Empire, Principality, Signory, &c. Their Effates, Nobles, Commons, Cler- gy. Cen/us, Enumeration, Tribe, juarter, &c. Province, Circle, County, City, Town, &cc. Magiftrature, Chancellor, 5fgdge, Sherif, uflice, Mayor, Alderman, Baili~fh Conflable. Inter-Rex, Con/fl, Pretor, cenfor, Vizir. Tribune, TriumvirProvofl, Ephori, Edile, Prefei, mefl or, Procon/u. Vicec-Roy, LieutenantSeeward, Warden, Keeper. turifconfultus. Procurator, Advocate, Barrifter, Protbonotary, Cuflos, Philazer, Chiro- grapher, UJber, Clerk, &c. Their Jurifdiifion; Courts, as Areopagus, Comitia, &c. Parliament, Diet, Divan. Chamber, Affize, Privy Coun- cil, &cc. Chancery, King's-Bench, Exchequer, Admiralty, Verge, Sef- fions, Turn, County Court, Leet, Eyre, &cc. Terms, Circuits, Commif fions, Oyer. Convocation, Arches, Prerogative, Faculties, Delegates. Rota, Inquifition, &c. Their Revenues, Treafury, Fifc, Exchequcr, Tally, Political Arithmetic. Duties, Cufloms, Gabel, Excife, &c. Coin- age, Money, Interefl, Ufery, &c. Their Houfhold, Chamber, Green- Clotb, Ward-robe, &c. Under Steward, Chamberlain, Comptroller, Cof- ferer, Aga, Oda, &c. Guard, Stables, Ordnance, &c. direfted by CAptain, Mafler, Eq terry, &c. Militia, Navy, Pofi, Timarier, Arriere-ban, &c. Dignities, Dauphin, Eleaor, Palatini, Grave, Pa4f. grave. Thane, Earl, Count, Knight, Garter, Baronet, Bath, Teato- nic, Malta, Elephant, &c. Gentlem nan, Yeoman, &c. Their Names, Sirnamnes, Titles, Precedence, &c. Faftions, Patrician, Guelf, Tory. Ick. Corporations, at lefrer Commi-nities, Univerfity, Academy, Col- lege, *i #i4
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