Page View
Chambers, Ephraim, 1680 (ca.)-1740 / Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences : containing the definitions of the terms, and accounts of the things signify'd thereby, in the several arts, both liberal and mechanical, and the several sciences, human and divine : the figures, kinds, properties, productions, preparations, and uses, of things natural and artificial : the rise, progress, and state of things ecclesiastical, civil, military, and commercial : with the several systems, sects, opinions, &c : among philosophers, divines, mathematicians, physicians, antiquaries, criticks, &c : the whole intended as a course of antient and modern learning
Ærugo - Algorithm, pp. 41-60 ff.
PDF (19.2 MB)
Page 41
AET AErometry includes the Laws of the Motion, Gra~ita. tion, Preflion, Elaflicity, Rarefadion, Condenfation, &)c. of that Fluid. See ELASTICITY, RAREFACTION, SC. The Word Aerometry is but little ufed: In lieu hereof we commonly call this Branch of Philofophy, Pneumatic&. See PNEUMATICS. ' C. Wotfus, Profeffor of Mathematicks at Hall, having reduced many of the Afeltions of this Fluid to geometrical Demonfiration; published Elements of Aerometry, at Leip- ftc, 1709, firfm in High fDutck and afterwards in Latin.- Thus is the Docfrine of the Air incorporated into the Ma- tbematical Sciences. See MATHEMATICKS. The Word is compounded of Atd, and ,ASTpev, to meafare. iERUGO. See RUST. £ERUGO ./Eris, in Medicine, &C. See VERDEGREASE. AERY, or AIRY, of Hawks, is what we call a Nell in other Birds., See HAWK, and HAAWxING. .JESCHYNOMENOUS Plants, among Botanifls, are thofe popularly called Sen/itive Plants. See SENSITIVE. .)ESNECY, in Law. See ESNECY. .ESTIMATIO Capitis, in our antient Law-Books. See WERE, WERELADE, WEREGILD, WC. King dthe~flan, in a great Affembly held at Exeteri de, dared what Mulfts were to be paid pro aeflimatione capitis, for Offences committed againit feveral Perfons according to their degrees; the Ejfimation of the King's Head to be .opco 7'brymf&e; of an Archbifhop, or Satrapa, or Prince, I5OOO ; of a Bilhop or a Senator, 8ooo; of a Priefi, or a Thane, 2000, SC. Crelfy's Church Hill. fol. 834. b. and L, Hen. I. iESTIVAL, or ESTIVNAT.. nf or eplon";nff t See SUMMER,. .a .V V};II;. UI~tr Thus, we fay, the aEftival So~l~ice, &c. in oppofition to 2lrumal. See SOLSTICE. ESTUARY, ESTUARIUMj in Geography, an Arm of the Sea; running up a good way into the Land. See SEA. Such, is !BriJfol Channel, many of the Firths of Scot- iadd, &c. .EASTUARY, is Sometimes alfo ufed in Pharmacy, for a Va- pour-Bath, Balneum Vaporofuem, See VAPOUR, and BATH. ES Uftum, called alfo Crocus Veneris, a Chymical Pre- paration, made of Copper cut into thin Plates, put into a Crucible with Sulphur and Salt, firatumfuiper Jiratum, and thus fet in a hot Charcoal Fire, till the Sulphur be con- fumed. See CROCUS, COPPER, VENUS, SC. It is very deterfive; and is ufed for eating oPF dead Flefh. They who make this ufe of it, are to heat it red hot in the Fire nine times; and quench it as often in Linfeed Oil. See EPULOTIC. .ETHER, is ufually underflood of a thin, fubtile Matter, or Medium, much finer and rarer than Air; which com- mencing from the Limits of our Atmofphere, poffeffes the whole heavenly Space. See HEAVEN, WORLD, WC. The Word is Greek, ri^ne, fuppofed to be form'd from the Verb w9ei', to burn, to flame; fome Of the Antients, par- ticularly Anaxagoras, fuppofing it of the Nature of Fire. See FIRE. The Philofophers cannot conceive that the largeft Part of the Creation Should be perfectly void; and therefore fill it with a Species of Matter under the Denomination of ,Ether. -But they vary extremely as to the Nature and Characters of this Ether. Some conceive it as a Body Jui generis, appointed only to fill up the Vacuities between the heavenly Bodies; and therefore confined to the Regions above our Atmofphere.- Others fuppofe it of fo fubtile and penetrating a Nature, as to pervade the Air, and other Bodies; and poffefs the Pores and Intervals thereof-Others deny the Exiflence of any fuch fpecifick Matter; and think the Air it felf, by that im- ienfeTenuity and Expanfion it is found capable of, may difufe it felf thro' the interfiellar Spaces, and be the only Matter found therein. See AIR. In effiec, AEther, being no Objed of our Senfe, but the mere Work of Imagination, brought only upon the Stage for the fake of Hypothefis, or to folve fome Phlnomenon, real or imaginary , Authors take the Liberty to modify it how they pleafe.-Some fuppofe it of an. elementary Na- ture, like other Bodies, and only diffinguifh'd by its Tenuity, and the other Affehions confequent thereon: which is the Philofophicat AEther.-Others will have it of another Spe- cies, and not Elementary; but rather a fort of fifth Element, of a purer, more refined, and Spirituous Nature than the Subflances about our Earth; and: void of the common Af- fedtions thereof, as Gravity, Wc. The heavenly Spaces, berng the fuppofed Region or Refidence of a more exalted Clafs of Beings; the Medium mull be more exalted in pro- vportion.-Such is the anrient and popular Idea of Ether, or Itl7ereal Matter. See 'ETHEREAL. The Term Ether being thus embarrafs'd with a Variety of Ideas, and arbitrarily applied to fo many different things; the later and feverer Philofophers chute to fet it afide: and in lieu thereof, fublfitute other more determinate ones. ~At) AE T Thus, the car-teiaas ufe the Terni AVateri Sibtliis; which is their A-ther: And Sir I. Newton, fomermes, a Subtile Spirit, as in the Clofe of his Principia. and fome- times a Subtile or Athereal Medium; as in his Opticks. The Truth is, there are abundance of Confiderations, which feemn to evince the Exiflence of fome Matter in the Air, much finer than the Air it felf.-There is an unknowns Something, which remains behind when the Air is taken away ; as appears from certain Effeds which we fee produ- ced in Vacuo.-Heat, Sir I. Newton obferves, is communi- cated thro' a Vacuum, almofi as readily as thro' Air: But fuch Communication cannot be without fome interjacent Bo- dy, to ac as a Medium. And fuch Body mufl be fubtile enough to penetrate the Pores of Glafs; and may be very well concluded to permeate thofe of all other Bodies; and confequently be diffufed thro' all the Parts of Space: Which anfwers to the full Character of an Ather. See HEAT. The Exiflence of fuch Arthereal Medium being fettled; that Author proceeds to its Properties ; inferring it to be not only rarer and more fluid than Air, but exceedingly more claffick, and adfive: In Virtue of which Properties, hQ fhews, that a great part of the Phxnomena of Nature may be produced by it.-To the Weight, e. g. of this Medium, he attributes Gravitation, or the Weight of all other Bo- dies; and to its Elaflicity, the elaffick Force of the Airj and of nerv'ous Fibres, and the Emifflion, Refraaion, Reflec- tion, and other Phanomena of Light; as alfo, Senfation, Mufcular Motion, _cc.-In fine, this fame Matter feems the Primum Mobile, the fir& Source or Spring of phyfical Ac- tion in the modern Syffem.-See further tnder the Article Subtile MEDIUM, ATTRACTION, GRAVITATION, REFRAC- TION, REFLECTION, Wc. fee alfo FIBRE, Mufcular Mo- TION, _ic. fee alfo NEWTONIAN Philofophy, &c. The Carte/ian ,Ether is fuppofed not only to pervade, but adequately to fill all the Vacuities of Bodies ; and thus to make an abfolute Plenum in, the Univerfe. See Materia SUBTILIS ; fee alfo PLENUM ;fee alfoCARTEsIANIsM, c. But Sir I. Newton overturns this Opinion, from divers Confiderations; by fhewing, that the Celeffial Spaces are' void of all fenfible Refiflance: For, hence it follows, that the Matter contained therein, mufl be immenfely rare, in regard the Refiflance of Bodies is chiefly as their Denfity ; fo that if the Heavens were thus adequately fill'd with a Medium or Matter how fubtile foever, they would refifl the Motion of the Planets and Comets much more than Quick- filver, or Gold. See RESISTANCE, VACUUM, PLANET, COMET, SC. ETHEREAL, .IYTHEREUS, fomerthing that belongs to lAther, or is of the Nature of Anther. See JTHlER. Thus, we fay, the -thereal Space; A.thereal Regions, Wc.-Some of the Antients divided the Univerfe, with re- fpea to the Matter contain'd therein, into Elementary and Athereal. See UNIVERSE, and ELEMENTARY.- -Under .,Ether, or the Ethereal World, was included all that Space above the upper Element, viz. Fire. This they fuppofed to be perfecly, homogeneous, incorruptible, unchangeable, Wc. See CORRUPTION, WC. 'Twas a Point controverted among 'em, Whether or no the }Ethereal Matter had the Property of Gravity ?- Many late Philofophers, not only at home but abroad, con- tend for its Gravity ; and even for its being the Caufe of Gravity in all other Bodies.-In effed, fays Chauvin, Bo- dies do not defcend by any inherent Principle, but by the Impulfe or Trufion of Something external : which can be nothing but .Ether ; in regard they fall in Facuo as readily, nay more fo, than in open Air: From the fame Principle arifes the Cohefion of Bodies, W!c. Lexic. Philofoqh. Foc. ,Ether. See MEDIUM. .ETHEREAL Oil, is a fine, fubtile Oil, approaching nearly to the Nature of a Spirit. See OIL. Thus, the pure Liquor rifing next after the Spirit, in the Disfillation of Turpentine, is called the -Ethereal Oil of Tur. pentine. See TURPENTINE. Some Chymiffs diflinguilh two Principles in Urine ; the one a volatile urinous Salt, refembling Spirit of Nitre ; the other an -Ethereal Oil, or Sulphur; partaking of the Na- ture of Spirit of Wine. fDionis. See URINE. .ETHEREAL Heaven. See Aethereal HEAVEN JtETHIOPS Mineral, a Preparation of Mercury, made by grinding equal Quantities of crude Quickfilver and Flower of Sulphur, in a Stone or Iron Mortar ; till they become incor- porated into a black Pouder. See MERCURY. It is prefcribed for the Worms, and all Crudities and Acri- mony of the Humours; and is reputed infallible againfi the Itch, and other cutaneous Difeafes. AETIANS, AETIANI, in Antiquity, a Se& or Branch bf Arians, the Difciples of Aetius of Antioch, firnamed the Impious ; who, according to Philafirins, was firfi Smith, then Sophiff, and lafily Phyfician. See ARIIAN. The Aetians had divers other Denominations ; as, TPu,'e Arians, Etnomians, Heteroutians, 2'reglodytes, See Eu- NOMIANS, HETEROUSIAN, WC. M JETIO-
Based on date of publication, this material is presumed to be in the public domain.| For information on re-use, see: http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Copyright