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WISCONSIN  HORTICULTURE 
Garden Roses Winterkilled 
       By Low Temperatures 
           Experiments Give Information On Wintering 
  At a temperature of 20 degrees be- 
low zero, the rose varieties Radio, Ra- 
diant, Frau Karl Druschki, and Doro- 
thy Perkins were completely winter- 
killed, according to observations in ex- 
periments conducted at Cornell Uni- 
versity by Allen and Asai, reported in 
the Proceedings for the Society for 
Horticultural Science. 
  At a temperature of -10 F. the pith 
and inner hark of Radiant and Radio 
were injured, but they made normal 
growth later, showing that such injury 
was not sufficient to affect subsequent 
growth. 
  Drying out or desication did not 
seem to be a factor in the winter- 
killing of roses, according to the ex- 
perimentors. They found, in fact, that 
the desication occurred largely after 
the canes had been winterkilled by 
the cold. 
  The hardy varieties Ames No. 6, and 
Rosa Multiflora were not injured at 
the temperature of -20 F. 
  If cold weather comes suddenly early 
in the season, tender roses are winter- 
killed at a much higher temperature 
than later. In freezing chambers Ra- 
diance and Radio were winterkilled at 
3 degrees F. on October 27th, Novem- 
ber 10th, and November 24th, but ear- 
lier on October 12th, following a period 
of mild weather, these varieties were 
killed at 21 degrees F. 
          No Spring Injury 
  The experimentors also conclude that 
  what sometimes is considered spring 
  killing of roses, is really winterkilling. 
  They state as follows: "Much of the 
  evidence for desication as a factor in 
  winter injury is based upon the ob- 
  servation that frequently rose canes 
  appear normal in the spring, but the 
  buds fail to develop normally or grow 
  for only a short time for wintering. 
  This response is usually attributed to 
  periods of hot, drying winds just prior 
  to the time the buds start growth. 
  They point out that the outer cortex 
  is the most resistant of the tissues to 
  low temperatures. Because of this, 
  rose stems may appear uninjured from 
  the outside, while the inner tissues 
  may he severely injured." 
  The problem of winter protection, 
  they conclude, is one of keeping the 
  canes above  the critical minimum 
  temperature. 
      Protect Roses In Wisconsin 
   Hybrid Tea or any semi-hardy roses 
 must be protected from low tempera- 
 lures if they are to winter success- 
fully. Tender climbers should be taken 
from their trellis and placed on the 
ground and covered with marsh hay. 
being careful about mouse injury. If 
possible, placing an inch or so of soil 
over the canes would protect them 
from mice if placed on late in the 
season. 
  Hybrid Teas should first be mound- 
ed with a cone of soil at least 10 inches 
high around the stems of the plants. 
Following this, about three inches of 
marsh hay should also be placed over 
all. If the canes are more than 15 
inches tall they should le pruned, but 
several inches projecting above the 
cone of earth will aid in holding the 
mulch. 
  Protecting roses in this way is not 
a difficult task and many beautiful 
varieties can be grown which have 
otherwise been considered non-hardy 
in this state, if properly protected. 
DEEP PLANTING METHOD 
          FOR TULIPS 
          By Harry Nelis 
          Hollnd    Mich. 
URING the planting season of 
     1942 our customers were ad- 
vised  that tulips planted   deeper 
than the customary four to six 
inches would outlast those planted 
at the regular depth. There is rea- 
sonable logic to explain this state- 
ment: Bulb growers know that tu- 
lips, kept too warm in summer, 
produce numerous "splits" the fol- 
?owing year, which are too small 
to bloom. If tulips are planted 10 
to 12 inches deep instead of four 
to six, and    left in the ground 
throughout the summer, they will 
be kept cooler, producing fewer 
"splits," and remaining of bloom- 
ing size.' Also, moisture is impor- 
tant to tulip bulbs, and there is 
more    moisture  available over a 
longer period of time at the deeper 
planting level. Last of all, when 
planting our Species (wild tulips) 
we find that they frequently work 
down, trying to find a deeper plant- 
ing level, so that we sometimes have 
to dig down six inches deeper than 
the original planting. to find the 
bulb. Which indicates that tulips 
in their natural state prefer deep 
planting. 
  When planting deep, we mean 8 
to 10 inches in heavy soil, 10 to 12 
inches in light soil. The ground 
should be welt prepared; adequate 
drainage is necessary. Each indi- 
vidual Iulb should not be dropped 
into a little hole, where the bulb 
nmyi hang suspended. unable to put 
forth roots into the soil. 
   It is our belief that every tulip 
lover should at least experiment 
with deep planting in his own gar- 
den, for assuredly tulips will not 
become more plentiful f or some 
time to come. 
  Condensed from September, 1943 
issue Horticultural News by Michi- 
gan Horticultural Society. 
TEMPERATURE          A N D    CLI- 
    MATE AFFECT PLANT 
            GROWTH 
D R. A. F. Yeager, formerly of 
     the North Dakota Experiment 
 Station, now in New Hampshire. 
 writes in the Flower Grower about 
 how differences in day length, type 
 of soil. and amount of water and 
 altitude cause variations in plant 
 growth. They all affect the work 
 of the plant breeders. 
   Last year, for instance, Dr. Yea- 
 ger sent a watermelon which had 
 ripened in 65 (lays at Durham, New 
 Hampshire. to Texas where it was 
 planted beside ordinary varieties. 
 Instead of being earlier than others 
 down there, it failed to produce 
 fruits until much later than varie- 
 ties which are ordinarily grown in 
 Texas. 
     APPLE SAUCE JELLO 
   1 package red Jello 
   I V cups hot water 
   1 cup cream 
   2 cups apple sRuce (not too juicy) 
   Whip Jello when it begins to set. 
 Whip the cream very stiff. Fold the 
 apple sauce into the cream and the 
 whipped Jello. 
   Put into a mold to harden in re- 
 frigerator for about an hour. 
   Sent in by Mrs. Arno Meyer, 
 Waldo. 
October, 1943