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mer, at 6 Inches diflance from the Back; and that no
Timber be laid within the Funnel.
Chimaeys are ufually fuppos'd a modern Invention; the
Antients only making ufe of Stoves: But O~favins Ferra-
reus endeavours to prove Chimneys in ufe among the An-
tients. To this End he cites the Authority of Virgil: Et
jamf fumma procul villarum culmina fumant. And that of
Appian, who fays, ' That of thofe Perfons profcrib'd by
' the Triumvirate, fome hid themfelves in Wells, and Cl-
' aca, Common-fhores; fome in the Tops of Houfes, and
Chimneys:' for fo he'underflands Ysvr s ejpf Go , Fuma-
ria fihb tetco pofita. Add, that Ariflophanes, in one of his
Comedies, introduces his old Man, TPoycleon, ihut up in a
Chamber, whence he endeavours to make his Efcpe by
the Chimney. However, the few Inflances remaining among
the Antients; together with the Obfcurity of the RJules of
,itruvius on this Head, make us rather conclude the Ufe
of Stoves, whereof they had entire Apartments, made 'em
negle& this Point of Building, which the Coldnefs of our
Climates obliges us to have a principal regard to.
In the Year I 7 1 3, appear'd a French Book, entitled, La
Mfeclaniquc di Feu, or The Art of augmenting the Ef1
fets, and diminishing the Expence of Fire, by M. Gau-
ger; fince publilh'd in Engjh, by Dr. Defiaguliers: where-
in the Author examines what Difpofition of Chimneys is
moft proper to augment the Heat; and proves Geometri-
cally, that the Difpofirion of parallel Jambs, with the Back
inclin'd, as in the common Chimneys, is lefs fitted for re-
flecling Heat into the Room, than parabolical Jambs, with
the bottom of the Tablette horizontal.
He gives feven feveral Conflruclions of his new Chim-
neys, and the manner of executing them. See FIRE.
M. Gauger, however, does not appear to be the -irfi In-
ventor of the C(himney he defcribes; the Defcription of a
like Kind being found in a German Book, printed at Leip-
fick, in i699.
The Word Chimney comes from the French Cheminee;
and that from the Latin Caminata, a Chamber wherein
is a Cbimmey: Caminerta, again, comes from Caminus, and
that from the Greek Kcjv/9-, a Chilmneyi of ape, aro, I
burn.
CHIMNEY-yambS, are the Sides of a Chimney, ufually
handing out perpendicularly, fometimes circularly, from
the Back; on the Extremities whereof the Mantle-Tree
refts. See JAMB.
CHIMNEY-Piece, in Building, a Compofition of certain
Mouldings, of Wood or Stone, handing on the Forefide of
the Jambs, and coming over the Mantle-Tree. See MAN-
TLE-rree.
CH iMN EY-Money, or Hearth-Money, a Tax impos'd by
a Stat. 24 Car. II. cxpreffing, that every Fire-Hearth and
Stove of every Dwelling, and other Houfes within Eng-
land and Wales, except fuch as pay not to Church and Poor,
Ihall be chargeable with two Shillings per Annum, paya-
ble at -Michaelmas and Lady-Day, to the King and his
Heirs. See SMOAx, CHIMNEY, and FUAGE.
CHINA, or CHINA-Ware, a fine fort of Earthen Ware,
properly call'd Porcelain. See PORCELAIN.
CHINA-CHINA, a Name fometimes given to the Zuin-
quina, or Peruvian Bark. See QUINQUINA.
CHINA-ROOt, a Medicinal Root, brought from the Eaft-
Indies.
It is of a ruddy brown Colour, bordering on black, with-
out fide; and white, or reddifh, within. It grows chiefly
in fenny Places, ufually cover'd with the Sea; which, up-
on its withdrawing, leaves great Quantities thereof on the
Shore: the befl is that which is firm, ruddy, and frefh.
It is elieem'd a fweetner of the Blood ; and us'd as fuch
in Decofion, in Venereal and Scorbutick Cafes.
CHINESE, or Chinefe Ton gue, the Language of the
People of China. See LANGUAGE.
F. le Comte obferves, that the Cbinefe has no analogy
with any other Language in the World: It only contains 3 30
Words, which are all Monofyllables; at leaft, they are pro-
nounc'd fo clofec, that there is no diflinguifhing above one
Syllable, or Sound, in them. But the fame Word, as pro-
nounc'd with a fironger or weaker Tone, has diffircnt Sig-
nifications: Accordingly, when 'tis accurately fpoke, it
makes a fort Of Mufick, which has a real Melody, that
conftitutes the Effence and diilinguilhing Charaner of that
Language.
As to Chinefe Cbara~lers, they are as fingular as the
Language: the Chinefe have not, like us, any Alphabet, con-
taining the Elements, or as it were the Principles of their
Words: In lieu of an Alphabet, they ufe a kind of Hiero-
glyphicks ; whereof they have above 8ooo. See LITTER.
MiN-COUGH, a Difeafe Children are chiefly fubjefl
to. it confifs in a violent and immoderate coughin, to a
Danger of Sua cation. Letting of Blood, and Balfamiicks,
are the ufual Cure.
CHIRAGRA, in Medicine, the Gout in the Hands. See
GOVT.
.    .
I H
The Chvireigr has its Seat in the
of the Hand, or the Ligaments and
The Word comes from the Grei
CHIROGRAPH, was antiently
ing a counterpart, was engrofs'd
Parchment, counterwi e; lea
wherein ,,a wrote C  i inl  2
-'  . .  AA, nruW   -.,r &ne ouue,
whereof the Parchment was cut, fometimes firait, fome..
times indentedly; and a Moiety given to each of the Parties.
This was afterwards call'd Dividenda, and Charte di-
vife; and was the fame with what we now call Charter
'Partsy. See CHARTER-Party.
The firnt ufe of thefe Clhirograpbs with us, was in the
Time of K. Henry Ill. See INDENTURE.
According to fome, a Deed was properly a Chirograph,
when it was fubfcrib'd by the Hand-writing of the Vender,
or Debtor, and deliver'd to the Buyer, or Creditor. Thefe
Authors make the Cbirograph differ from a Syngraph, in
this; that in the latter the Word Syngraph was wrote in
the middle, and cut thro', in the manner juf1 obferv'd of
Chirograpb. Thefe Authors therefore make the Syvgraph
the Chii ograph; and the C1hircgraph a different thing.
The Word is compounded of the Greek wak, Handi
and -yeg, fcribo, I write.
Chir(graph was alfo antiently us'd for a Fine; and the
manner of engrofling the Fines, and cutting the Parchment
in two pieces, is fil ;rtain'd in the Office, call'd the Chd-
rographer's Office. See CHIROGRAPHER.
CHIROGRAPHER of Fines, an Officer in the Com-
mon Pleas, who engroffes Fines in that Court, acknowledg'd
into a perpetual Record (after they have been examin'd
and pafs'd by other Officers-) and who writes and delivers
the rndentures thereof to the Party. He makes two In.
dentures, one for thi Buyer, the other for the Seller ; and
a third indented Piece, containing the EfFet of the Fine,
and call'd the Fote of the Fine; and delivers it to the Clflos
.Brevium. The lame Officer alfo, or his Deputy, pro-
claims all Fines in Court every Term, and endorfes the
Proclamations on the backfide of the Foot; keeping, with-
al, the Writ of Covenant and the Note of the Fine. See
TABLING of Fines.
CHIROMANCY, the Art of divining the Fare, Tempe-
rament, and Difpofition of a Perfon, by the Lines and
Lineaments of the Hand *   otherwife call'd Palbifiry.
We have a Number o? Authors on this vain and trifling
Art; as 4rtemridorus, Fludd, and iohn de Indagine:
ylaifnerus, and M. de be Chambre have done the beft.
This lafl infifis on it, that the Inclinations may be known
from infpeaing the Hand; there being a very near Rela-
tion between the Parts of the Hand, and the internal Parts
of the Body, the Heart, Liver, Lc.  whereon the Paffions
and Inclinations much depend. He adds, however, that
the Rules and Precepts of Ch7iromancy are not fufficiently
warranted, the Experiments whereon they hand not being
well verify'd. Heconcludes,,thattheremufl be a new Setof
Obfervations, made with Juflnefs and Exaalitude i  in or-
der to give Chiromancy the Form and Solidity which an
Art or Science demands.
The Word comes from the Greek a i, Hand, and O aPTS 4,
D ivination.
CHIROTONIA, the Impofition of Hands, in conferring
any Prieffly Orders. See IMPOSITION.
-t.l  t.r .     fI   I  -   .           I   A .
i ne W ord comes fram tne G~reek, XwiPJTOV., thle .
of firetching out the Hands. And becaufe the Ai
gave their Suffrages by retching out  the Hands, the
the Name Chiroronia to the Elearion of Magilirate~
PLEBISCITA, ORDINANCES, LeC.
This Cuflom was firfl eflablifh'd in Greece; as a
from  an Oration of fDemof'ewes againil Nefri
that of lEfehines againi Cte/iphon: thence it pafs'd
Romans. From profane Authors it pafs'd to £cclefi
ones; and was us'd by them, not only in Eledlior
alfo in Ordinations.
CHIRURGERY, popularly call'd Surgery, the
Branch of Medicine; confiffing in Operations perforr
the Hand, for the Cure of Wounds, and other Dif
See MEDICINE.
Chirurgery is the Art of curing Wounds, and v
Difeafes, by the opening of Veins, application of I
Incifions, and Amputations of feveral Parts of the
Ccc. See OPERATION.
Chirurgery is divided into SpecuaaIve,  and Prai
one whereof does that in effie, which the other teaches
All the Operations of Chirurgery are reduc'd und(
Kinds: the firhi whereof re-joins what has been fepa
and is call'd Synthefis.
The fecond divides, with Difcernment, thofe Parts
Union is prejudicial to Health; and is call'd DJiereft
The third extra&s with Art foreign Bodies ; call'dE1
And the fourth, call'd Pratvkeli's, adds and applie
is wanting. See each Branch under its Proper Head.
C H I
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