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the Pumice-Stone without any Chalk underneath ; this fimooths
and foftens the Flefh-Side very confiderably. They drain it
again, by paffing over it the iron Inftrument as before.
The Pleh-Side thus drain'd, they pafs the Iron on the Wool,
or Hair-Side; then, firetch it tight on the Frame by means of
the Pins, and go over the Flefi-Side again with the Iron; this
finiflies its draining; and the more the Skin is drained, the
whiter it ever becomes.
Theynow throw on more Chalk, fweeping it over with a
a Piece of Lamb-fkin that has theWool on; this fmooths it itill
further, and gives it a white Down or Nap. 'Tis now left
to d , and when dried, taken off the Frame, by cutting it all
round.
The Skin, thus far prepared by the Skinner, is taken out of
his Hands by the Parchment-Maker; who firff fcrapes or pares
it dry on the Summer, with an iron Infirument like that above-
mentioned, only finer and fharper; with this, work'd with the
Arm from Top to Bottom of the Skin, he takes away about
one Half of its Thicknefs. The Skin, thus, equally pared, on
both Sides, they pafs the Pumice-Stone over both Sides,, to
fmooth it.This lal Preparation is perform'd on a Kind of Form
or Bench cover'd with a Sack fluffed with Flocks, and leaves
the Parchment in a Condition for writing on.
The paring of the Skin dry on the Summer, is the moft
difficult Preparation in the whole Procefs of Parchment-making,
for which Reafon the Skinners feldom dare meddle with iti
but ufually leave it to thofe more experienced in it: The Sum-
mer, whereon it is performed, is a Calf-Skin well flretch'd on
a Frame, ferving as a Support to the Skin which is faflen'd
a-top of it with a wooden Infirument, that has a Notch cut in
it. Lafily, that the iron Knife may pafs the eafier, between
the Summer and the Skin to be pared, they put another Skin
which they call the Counter-Summer. The Parings thus
taken off the Leather, are ufed in making Glue, Size, Ec.
See GLUE, eC.
What we call /ellow is only Parchment made of the Skins
of abortive Calves, or at leafi of fucking Calves; 'tis finer,
whiter, and fmoother than the common Parcbment e  but is
prepared in the fame manner as that, abating that 'tis not pafs'd
thro' the Lime-Pit.
PARCOfrado, in Law, a Writ that lies againri him who
violently breaks open a Pound, and takes out Beafis thence,
which, for fome Trefpafs done, were lawfully impounded.
See POUND.
PARDON, in Law, a Remiflion, or Forgivenefs of a fe-
lonious, or other Offence againif the King.
This our Lawyers make twofold; the one, ex Gratia Regis,
the other, per Cozirs de Ley. The firfi is that, which the King
out of fome fpecial Regard to the Perfon, or fomre other Cir-
cumPrance, grants by his abfolute Perogative or Power. The
other is that he grants, as the Law and Equity perfuades, for
a flight Offence; as Homicide Cafual, aelc.
PARDON, in the Canon Law, is an Indulgence which the
Pope grants to fuppofed Penitents, for Remiflion of the Pains
of Purgatory, which they have merited for the Satisfadion of
their Sins. See INDULGENCE.
The grand Time for the Difpenfation of Pardons is the _-
bilee. See JUBILEE.
In this Senfe, pardon is properly the Angelic Salutation,
faid to the Virgin at the Sound of three little Strokes of a
Bell, rung in the Morning, Noon, and Night, in order for the
Perfon to be entitled to Indulgences.
PARDONERS, in our antient Cufloms, were Perfons who
carried about the Pope's Indulgences, and fold 'em to the
hi hefiBidders. SeeINDULGENCE.
$ AREGORICKS, in Medicine, Remedies which affwage
Pain; the fame with what we otherwife call Anodynes, and 0-
piatts. See ANODYNE and OPIATE.
The Word is Greek ;raeioey.
PARELCON, in Grammar, a Figure, whereby a Word, or
Syllable, is added to the End of another.
PARELIA, or Parbelia, in Phyfiology. See PARHE-
LIA.
PAREIRA BRAVA, the Root of a Plant gkqwing in the
WeJ-IIndies; chiefly Mexico and Brazil; efteem'd a Specific
for the Cure of the Stone and Gravel.
. The Name, which in the original Portugueze, fignifies Wild-
Vive, or fBaflard Vine, bears a good deal of Analogy to the
Plant, which bears Branches loaden with Leaves perfedly like
thofe of the Vine; and which, like them, creep along Walls
and Trees.
The Portrigueze value this Root on an equal footing with
the IpecacTanba. Some Druggifis call it, by Corruption, Pa-
rada !Brava.
M. Geoffroy attributes the Efficacy of this Rootin Nephritic
Cafes, to its diffolving the vifcid Matters, whereby the Par-
ticles of the Sand, Ec. were cemented together: And hence,
he gives it with the fame Intention in Jaundices, Afthma's, ec.
It is given in Decofion.
The Portygueze hold it alfo a Remedy for Dyfenteries,
Quinzies, Bites of venomous Beafis, &C.
PARENCHYMA, or A       tNcIHMOU6 If* inAnatomy, a
P A R
Term ufed for the peculiar Subfiance of feveral Parts of
Bodies of Animals, as the Heart, Lungs, Liver, Spleen, X
nies, £7c. thus called from the Greek "6p ß -Elfufion, 7
generated by a Collcation and Condenfation of Juice. See FLEE
Erafiflratus firfigave the Name; as imagining the Si
flanceof thefe Parts not to be Vafcular like the rell, but to ci
fifi of a Mafs or Coagulum of Blood, ftagnated in the Vef
of the Parts: But the Moderns reje& this Opinion: The (
fervations made by Microfcopes, Injections,Vc. clearly fhewi
that the Heart is a true Mufcle, (See HEART) the Lungs
Spleen, Cluflers of membranous Veficles, and Veffels (
LuN GS and SPLEEN) and the Liver and Kidnies, Compofiti
of Glands, thro' which the Bile and Urine are filtrated.
LIvER and KIDNIES.
PARENCHYMA of a Plant. Dr. Grew gives the Name '
renchyma to the Pith or Prulp; or that inner Part of the P1
thro' which thejuice isfuppofed to be difiributed. See PLAI
PITH, &C.
This, when view'd with a Microfcope, appears to refem
Marrow; or rather a Spunge; being a porous flexible dilata
Subflance. See MEDULLA.
Its Pores are innumerable, and exceedingly fmall; receiv
as much Humour as is requifite to fill and extend them; wh
Difpofition of Pores it is, that is fuppofed to fit the Plant
Vegetation and Growth. See VEGE A lON.-
The Parenchyma is white, at firfi, but changes its Cole
in Proportion as the Root grows thicker. Thus it becor
yellow in the Root of the Baflard Rhubarb, and red in t
of the Snake-weed. See PLANT.
PARENT, a Term of Relation, applicable to thofe fi
whom we immediately receive our Being. See FATHER
MOTHER.
PARENTALE, de Parentake fe tollere, in the antient
floms, fignified a Renunciation of one's Kindred, and Fain
This was done in open Court, before the Judge, and in
Prefence of twelve Men, who made Oath, they believed it,
done for a juflCaufe.
We read of it in the Laws of Hen. I. after fuch Abjurat
the Perfon was incapable of inheriting any Thing from
of his Relations, b.ec.
PARENTALIA, in Antiquity, funeral Obfequies; or
lafl Duties paid by Children to their deceafed Parents.
OBSEQUIES.
PARENTHESIS, in Grammar, a Number of Interca
Words, inferted in a Difcourfe; which interrupt the Senfi
Thread, but which feem neceflary for the fuller underfiand
of the Subjci.
The Word is form'd of the Greek adei inter, between,
spasiats Pofition, q. d. put bet-ween.
The politefl of our modern Writers avoid all Parenthe
as keeping the Mind in fufpence,embarraffing it, and rendei
the Difcourfe lefs clean, uniform and agreeable: Long
frequent Parent hefes are intolerable; efpecially in Vc
which they ever render dull, and languid, and like to Profi
The proper Charac~erific of a  'arenthefis, is that it r
be either taken in, or left out, the Senfe and Grammar rem
ing entire.
In Speaking, Parenthefes are to be pronounced with a di
rent Tone; and in writing, are inclofed between (; to dii
guiflh them from the refit of the Difcourfe.
The Charaaer itfelf is alfo called a Parentliefis. See C
RACTER.
PARERE, in Commerce, an Italian Term which be,
to be naturalized. It fignifies the Advice or Counfel of a X
chant or Negotiant; for that fuch a Perfon, being confulte
any ~~ Aont inrdcstl  nwr n ttawt     l   ae
any Point, introduces his Antwer, in ltalian, with Mg pare,
i. e. I think, it feems to me.
The Method of Negotiating, efpecially, that of Bills of Ex-
change, being borrowed from the Italians, mofi trading Cities,
efpecially Lyons, retain the Ufe of Pareres; which are the
Advices or Opinions of Merchants and Negotiants; and which
ferve as A~s before Notaries, when given by Authority of a
Judge-Converfator, or at a particular Confultation, for main-
taining the Right ofthe Confulter.
M. Savary has an excellent Treatife, intitled, Parere, out
Avis Ee Confeilsfiir les plusImportantes Matieres du Commerce;
Containing the Refolution of the mofl difficult Quefiions re-
lating to Bankrupts and Failures, Bills of Exchange, Orders
without Dates or Expreflion of Value, Blank-fignings, Renew-
ing of Bills of Exchange, thofe drawn or accepted by Women
in Behalf of their Husbands, or during the Minority of the
Drawer, e.
PARERGA, a Term Sometimes ufed in Architeaure, for
Additions, or Appendages, made, by way of Ornalpent, to
a principal Work.
* t is fometimes alfo ufed in Painting for little Pieces, or Corn-
partiments on the Sides, or in the Corners of the principal
Piece.
PARESIS, in Medicine, a Difeafe call'd alfo ParalYjfis and
Palfy. See PARALYSIS, eC.
PARGETING, in Building, is ufed for the Plaiflering of
Walls; fometimes for the Plaifter itfelf  See PLAISTER.
3                                           the
P A R