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UN.VERSAL DICTIONARY
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         ART                                .AND".
           A i, in the hebrew  chronology, the eleventh
           month of the civil year, and the fifth of the
           ecclefiaftical year, which begins with Nifan.
           The month .db anfwers to the moon of July.
           This month had thirty days.  Galmet.
ABACATU AIA, in zoology, the name of an American'fifh,
  of the ihape of the European doree or faber. It is much of
  the fhape, fize, and figure of the common plaife. Its mouth
  is final and toothlefs, and its eyes have a 'black pupil, and
  a filvery iris. It has five fins, one on the back, and another
  on the belly; each running to the tail; and two at he gi lls.
  The tail makes the fifth, an& is confiderably forked. Ihas,
  befide thefe, two long filaments on the belly, and one' fuch
  i3 v thi bick, near the origin of the back-fin. It has no fiales,
  but is covered with a very fmooth and foft kin. It is all over
  of a fine fhining filvery white, except thefe filaments, which are
  per-fely black. It is caught about the ihores of the Brafils
  and is oommonly eaten there. 'See Tab. of Fifhes, No. 51.
  Margrave's Hilt. Braf.
ABACCAY, in natural hiftory, a name given by the people of
  the Philippine iflands to a fpecies of parrot, called alfo calan-
  gay. See CALANGAY.
ABACINARE, or ABBACINARE, in writers of the
  middle age, a fpecies of puniihment, confiiting in the blind-
  igof t    criminal, by holding a red-hot bafon, or bowl
  before his eyes a.
  Th  word is formed of the Italian kacino, a bafon; though
  Menage choofes to derive it fron the Italian aia, a dark or
  clofe place; the punifhment frequently going no farther, than
  to the diminifhing the fight b.-[ a Du Cang. Gloff. Med.
  Lat. T. x. p. 2. Scboettg. Lex. Ant. p. 148. b V. Aquzn.
  Lex. Mil. T.i. P. 4. Crufc. T. I. P. 3. Voc. Abbacinart.
ABACISCUS. See ABACUS.
IABACIST, ABACISTA, in writers of the middle andbar-
  barous ages, denotes an arithmetician, or accomptant-k
  [a Du Cang. GloW Med. Lat. T. x. p. 4. in Voc.
  Crufc. T. i. p. 3. Voc. Jbbacbji/a.]
A B A C 0 T' in our old writers, the antient coronet or cap of
  flate worn by our Englifh kings, made up in form of two
  crowns, Spelm. Gloil Arch. p. I.
ABACUS, (Gycl)-or ABAciscus, in the antient ar-
  chite6*ure, is ufed to denote certain compartiments in the
  4incruftatmi or lining of the walls oUR f Ate-rooms, M p
  menti, andjthe like.
     5UPPL.   VnO   r
111eke wdte 7ac4 of marble, porphyy, jaiper, albafler, of 4
even glafs; fhapedvariouly, fquare, triangular, ´and the liket
_[a Vid. Plin. L-. r5c. i. Harduin. Not. ad Loc. kitruv.
1. 7 c  . 3. p. I33. Bxt G   Row. p. 2. feq"'
TheAbacus for facititating the operations of arithmeticj is an
initrument almoft as antient, and as extenfive, 'as the art of
arithmetic itfelf: if it be lter thn" the metiods of computipg
by the fingers, and by lapilli, or iones, (which obtained
among the b Egyptians)3 tis at leaf m   prior to the ufa
of numeral letters, or figures,' wrought with the pen.-
[I Herodef. l.I. Hif. Acad. R Thfcr. T. 3. p, 389.]
We find it in ufe, under fome variations, among the (breek:s
ARbmans, Chinefe, G'ermans, Frech, &c. Itkexcells in point
of facility, and deaiilinefs of opeion, as working without,
any ifrokes, or blots'of the pen, or *ate of'paper; fome alfo
give it the preference in point of expedition: at leaft it ap-
pears better adapted to the appreenfiton'of children, and be-
ginners in accounts, who might conirnodioufly enough be firlt
initiated this way. Adam Riefe, who has written largly on;
the ufe of the Abacus, affures us he has found, in the teaching
of youth, that thofe who begin with computing on the Abacus,
become afterwards more deitekows and expert at accounts,
than thofe who begin with figures. W  Lex. Math. p. I7i.
Voc. Arithimeca.
The art of computing by the Abacus makes a peculiar fpedes'
of arithmetic, called cakulatoria, or logi/lica per calculos; by
the French, (a lokilique par iettens c._[ C I is treated of by
Herigon, in Curf Mathem. P. 3. p.I25. & Dechales, in
Mund.'Mathem. T. i. p- 412. feq.V        Wolf. lib. cit.
p. 170.3
The Abacus is varioully contrived  that chiefly ured in Euro.
pe'19 countries is madeby drawing ay number of parallel lines,
'         , at a diffance from each other, equal to twice the
4' meter , ca4lulus, or Counter.  Here a counter placed on
    Spr lowennftm line flgnifies I; on the fecond, I0; on
         é_t oo,, on thie fourth, rooD; on the fifth, ioooo; and
 Xs onSi  n kthf'fpaces between the lines, the fame counters fit-
 nify half of what they fignify on the next fuperior line; viz. in
 the fpace between the firft and the fecond lines, 5; between
 the fecond and third, 50 o. between the third and fourth, 5oo;
 and fo on. Thus the counters on the Abacus, in the figure here
 fubjoined M*ike V fuuk of 37392z.-The A"au is alf divde
*~r2-vn e into k- ehla, by, means- whereof -fubtradiors7 re
made. Wayf. Lex. Math. p. I7. Ii   :
             ie -! u g gr M i X * > < ZOOQO'
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