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Oiiginal Papers: School of Arts and Manufactures at Paris.      119 
this purpose each year. The candidates must have been registered and recom-
mended by the department whence they come; and they must prove that 
they are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. They undergo two 
examinations -one oral, the other written; and they must solve with ease
certain problems in elementary mathematics and geometry. They must write
and describe their problems and theories well; draw by rule and compass;
sketch and colour. Without these qualifications it is impossible to be admitted
as a Government student, and the juries are instructed to select those who
shew 
most literary atttainments, and who "appear to have that description
of intel- 
ligence which promises an aptitude for industrial science, rather than mathe-
matical acquirements." A great preference is given to those who have
obtained 
the necessary qualification in a high degree, and whose means are limited,
and 
the administration is nlbt to aid those whose families are in a position
to defray 
the expenses of their education. All students may participate in an "En-
couragement Fund" for the first year, but afterwards only those who
shew 
the greatest amount of merit; and an augmentation may be accorded to those
who are remarkable for still higher qualities. PRIVATE STUDENTS are admitted
at any age above sixteen. They, too, submit to both oral and written examina-
tions. They must execute certain problems, and write clearly and correctly
the 
theories as set forth in the programme. Foreigners as well as French students
are admitted, provided they can write and read the language. In Paris, these
examinations are made by a board named yearly by the Council of Studies,
in 
the departments by public professors of mathematics, and in foreign countries
by the university professors; and all applicants must produce proper testi-
monials as to their morality. 
The AUTHORITY OF THE SCHOOt is vested in a director and a Council of Studies,
consisting of nine professors. The director lives in the college, and is
charged 
with its administration and correspondence, but he cannot a ppoint professors:
these axe selected for their practical as well as theoretical experience.
The 
Council admit or reject candidates after reading the statement of their ex-
aminations, and they report on the progress of each student-as to his aptitude
and capabilities, and whether he is eligible to be transferred to a superior
division, or whether his friends shall be requested to remove him. The 
students bind themselves by a solemn declaration to take no part in any con-
spiracy to oppose the execution of the decisions of their superiors, and
they 
promise to enter into no coalition for imposing on the junior or senior branches
of the college. No students are lodged within the college, and they are not
permitted to wear any description of uniform. 
The COURSE OF IN STRUCTION is limited to three years, during which period
it is obligatory. It includes lectures, daily examinations, drawing and graphic
exercises, chemical manipulations, working in stone and wood, physics and
mechanics, the construction of buildings and other works, and general annual
examinations. The students are, in addition, expected to make notes and 
reports, and to visit the workshops and manufactories. They are boarded and
lodged at respectable houses in the immediate vicinity, at their own expense.
Each year there are general examinations in every branch of science and art.
In the middle of the second year the studies are subdivided-one course is
general, the other has special relation to the ultimate destination of the
scholar. 
The specialities are four in number :-1. Mechanicians. 2. Constructors, 
as architects, engineers. 3. Mining and metallurgy. 4. Chemistry, applied
in 
all its branches, including agriculture. After that period, the whole energies
of the student are devoted to those branches of science on which the profession
he is about to adopt depends. 
With respect to DIPLOMAS and CERTIFIcATS, the students of the third year
are admitted to competition for diplomas, a programme of examination being
made out for each speciality. The competitors are allowed thirty-five days
within the college to make out their designs and compose their memoir, and
then they are examined by five professors in public and before the students
of 
two years. After the examination, the professors in council grant diplomas